NUSCTX 10S PRACTICE EXAM TEST UPDATED QUESTIONS
AND ANSWERS GRADED A+
✔✔essential fatty acid deficiency - ✔✔- essential fatty acids important for growth, skin
integrity, fertility, and the structure adn function of cell membranes
- symptoms of deficiency: dray/scaly skin, liver abnormalities, poor wound healing,
growth failure in infants and impaired hearing and vision.
✔✔essential fatty acids - ✔✔those polyunsaturated fatty acids that must be provided by
foods because these cannot be synthesized in the body (omega3 and omega6)
✔✔trans fatty acids - ✔✔- TFA can be created during food processing by
HYDROGENATION
- Hydrogenation causes some double bonds to become saturated
- hydrogenated fats can be found in margarines, vegetable shortening and shelf-stable
baked goods
- Trans fatty acids have been shown to raise blood cholestorol levels and increase the
risk of heart disease
✔✔Phospholipids - ✔✔- 2 fatty acids
- glycerol
- phosphorous-containing molecule
- properties: hydrophobic and hydrophilic ends
- function
1. helps with fat absorption(emulsifier)
2. helps transport dietary fats in circulation
3. part of the cell membrane
4. in food: emulsifier (mayo, salad dressing)
- liver makes phospholipids, so not essential
✔✔Sterols - ✔✔- 4C rings
- found in food and made in body
- Cholesterol is most common dietary sterol (only found in animals)
- high cholesterol increased CHD risk
- plant sterols can reduce CHD risk
✔✔Cholesterol (a sterol) - ✔✔- functions:
1. bile salt precursor
2. cell membrane structure
3. hormones (glucocorticoids, estrogen, testosterone,)
, 4. Vitamin D
- sources: produced by animals
- non essential in the diet
- health issue: raises LDL-C cholesterol
- general goal <300 mg/day in diet
- 3 oz meat ~ 100 mg
✔✔Lipids Absorption & Transport - ✔✔- FA's don't mix well with water
- bile = emulsifier
- micelles formed
* transport lipid digestion products into enterocytes
✔✔Lipase action - ✔✔- mouth: not much, some in infants
- stomach: gastric lipase, so not much
- small intestine:
* CCK: stimulates gallbladder to release bile & pancreatic lipase
* lipases break TG into monoacylgyceride and two free fatty acids
✔✔triglyceride digestion - ✔✔enzymes in digestive tract (lipases) break down
triglyceride and release free fatty acids
✔✔enterohepatic circulation of bile - ✔✔1. made in the liver, stored in the gall bladder
2. emulsifies fat, allowing enzymes to hydrolyze it into smaller units that can be
absorbed
3. greenish fluid containing
* bile salts (derived from cholesterol)
* phospholipids
* cholesterol
* bile pigments
4. bile secretion stimulated by CCK
✔✔lipids in the body: absorption & transport - ✔✔In the enterocyte:
- short & medium chain FA (<14 C chain) enter portal circulation
- long chain FA reassembled into TG
* combines with cholesterol, phospholipids and small protein
* you now have a lipoprotein called and chylomicron
* chylomicron enter the lymph then the bloodstream
✔✔lipoprotein - ✔✔transports lipids & cholesterol in the blood
- chylomicrons
- very low density lipoproteins
- low-density lipoproteins (CHD risk)
- high density lipoproteins (protective)
- protein components (apolipoproteins) involved in metabolism and final disposition of
lipoprotein
AND ANSWERS GRADED A+
✔✔essential fatty acid deficiency - ✔✔- essential fatty acids important for growth, skin
integrity, fertility, and the structure adn function of cell membranes
- symptoms of deficiency: dray/scaly skin, liver abnormalities, poor wound healing,
growth failure in infants and impaired hearing and vision.
✔✔essential fatty acids - ✔✔those polyunsaturated fatty acids that must be provided by
foods because these cannot be synthesized in the body (omega3 and omega6)
✔✔trans fatty acids - ✔✔- TFA can be created during food processing by
HYDROGENATION
- Hydrogenation causes some double bonds to become saturated
- hydrogenated fats can be found in margarines, vegetable shortening and shelf-stable
baked goods
- Trans fatty acids have been shown to raise blood cholestorol levels and increase the
risk of heart disease
✔✔Phospholipids - ✔✔- 2 fatty acids
- glycerol
- phosphorous-containing molecule
- properties: hydrophobic and hydrophilic ends
- function
1. helps with fat absorption(emulsifier)
2. helps transport dietary fats in circulation
3. part of the cell membrane
4. in food: emulsifier (mayo, salad dressing)
- liver makes phospholipids, so not essential
✔✔Sterols - ✔✔- 4C rings
- found in food and made in body
- Cholesterol is most common dietary sterol (only found in animals)
- high cholesterol increased CHD risk
- plant sterols can reduce CHD risk
✔✔Cholesterol (a sterol) - ✔✔- functions:
1. bile salt precursor
2. cell membrane structure
3. hormones (glucocorticoids, estrogen, testosterone,)
, 4. Vitamin D
- sources: produced by animals
- non essential in the diet
- health issue: raises LDL-C cholesterol
- general goal <300 mg/day in diet
- 3 oz meat ~ 100 mg
✔✔Lipids Absorption & Transport - ✔✔- FA's don't mix well with water
- bile = emulsifier
- micelles formed
* transport lipid digestion products into enterocytes
✔✔Lipase action - ✔✔- mouth: not much, some in infants
- stomach: gastric lipase, so not much
- small intestine:
* CCK: stimulates gallbladder to release bile & pancreatic lipase
* lipases break TG into monoacylgyceride and two free fatty acids
✔✔triglyceride digestion - ✔✔enzymes in digestive tract (lipases) break down
triglyceride and release free fatty acids
✔✔enterohepatic circulation of bile - ✔✔1. made in the liver, stored in the gall bladder
2. emulsifies fat, allowing enzymes to hydrolyze it into smaller units that can be
absorbed
3. greenish fluid containing
* bile salts (derived from cholesterol)
* phospholipids
* cholesterol
* bile pigments
4. bile secretion stimulated by CCK
✔✔lipids in the body: absorption & transport - ✔✔In the enterocyte:
- short & medium chain FA (<14 C chain) enter portal circulation
- long chain FA reassembled into TG
* combines with cholesterol, phospholipids and small protein
* you now have a lipoprotein called and chylomicron
* chylomicron enter the lymph then the bloodstream
✔✔lipoprotein - ✔✔transports lipids & cholesterol in the blood
- chylomicrons
- very low density lipoproteins
- low-density lipoproteins (CHD risk)
- high density lipoproteins (protective)
- protein components (apolipoproteins) involved in metabolism and final disposition of
lipoprotein
