PUP 424 Exam 1 Questions with
Correct Answers
What's the restrictions for aggregating data? - Answer- Can only convert from high-
levels to low-levels of measurements (Ratio → Nominal)
What are the requirements for data aggregation? - Answer- -categories should be
exhaustive and mutually exclusive (All values categorize and can only be in one
category) -can be problematic
Define reclassification methods - Answer- -grouping data based on values of a single
variable. -reduces amount of data.
What are the methods for reclassification? - Answer- -nominal value
-numeric value
-equal interval
-cluster (max breaks)
nominal value - Answer- reclassification
categorizing zoning data into larger, simpler categories
numeric value - Answer- Quantile method - divide data into groups with equal number of
data points.
-Sometimes grouping does not make sense.
Formula: (Total # data points) / (Desired # of groups) = # to assign each group
Define the formula for numeric value reclassification - Answer- (Total # data points) /
(Desired # of groups) = # to assign each group
Equal interval - Answer- Classes based on range in their values instead of total # of
data point
Formula: (Max value - Min value) / (Desired # of groups) = Break Points
define the formula for equal interval - Answer- (Max value - Min value) / (Desired # of
groups) = Break Points
cluster (max breaks) - Answer- -Classes based on largest breaks between adjacent
data pieces.
-(Does not minimize differences within groups)
, What are the steps taken to form clusters? - Answer- 1. Rank data pieced by value
2. Measured distance between each adjacent data
3. Divide into groups based on largest breaks
The sectoral method - Answer- aggregating variable values based on the values of
another variable.
i.e aggregate the population and % poverty by the % urban value.
-Discrete data = add values per category
-Continuous data = calculate an avg value per category
the spatial method - Answer- aggregating variable values by another variable
representing spatial dimension
Data - Answer- Facts about objects obtained through observations, experiments and
measurements
What are the requirements for data to be factual? - Answer- Bias effects minimized,
data consistency (no matter who collects the data), *low bias => low variability
What's the difference between data and information? - Answer- -our interpretation of
data
-data is unorganized facts that needs to be processed & is useless until it's organized.
-when data is processed, organized, structured, or presented in a given context so as to
make it useful is when it becomes information.
-information informs decision makers, easy-to-understand summary
What are the steps for converting data to information? - Answer-
Data(Primary/Secondary)
->data aggregation(Reduce data into categories/groupings)
->data analysis(Pattern within categories, relationship between categories)
->data presentation
->information
What is primary data and its common methods? - Answer- -data collected by oneself
-experiments, observations, surveys, interviews
What is secondary data and its common methods? - Answer- -data collected by
someone other than the user
-censuses, online statistics, data collected through qualitative methodologies or
qualitative research
variable - Answer- -something that can take more than one value
variables must show ______ to be useful - Answer- variation
Correct Answers
What's the restrictions for aggregating data? - Answer- Can only convert from high-
levels to low-levels of measurements (Ratio → Nominal)
What are the requirements for data aggregation? - Answer- -categories should be
exhaustive and mutually exclusive (All values categorize and can only be in one
category) -can be problematic
Define reclassification methods - Answer- -grouping data based on values of a single
variable. -reduces amount of data.
What are the methods for reclassification? - Answer- -nominal value
-numeric value
-equal interval
-cluster (max breaks)
nominal value - Answer- reclassification
categorizing zoning data into larger, simpler categories
numeric value - Answer- Quantile method - divide data into groups with equal number of
data points.
-Sometimes grouping does not make sense.
Formula: (Total # data points) / (Desired # of groups) = # to assign each group
Define the formula for numeric value reclassification - Answer- (Total # data points) /
(Desired # of groups) = # to assign each group
Equal interval - Answer- Classes based on range in their values instead of total # of
data point
Formula: (Max value - Min value) / (Desired # of groups) = Break Points
define the formula for equal interval - Answer- (Max value - Min value) / (Desired # of
groups) = Break Points
cluster (max breaks) - Answer- -Classes based on largest breaks between adjacent
data pieces.
-(Does not minimize differences within groups)
, What are the steps taken to form clusters? - Answer- 1. Rank data pieced by value
2. Measured distance between each adjacent data
3. Divide into groups based on largest breaks
The sectoral method - Answer- aggregating variable values based on the values of
another variable.
i.e aggregate the population and % poverty by the % urban value.
-Discrete data = add values per category
-Continuous data = calculate an avg value per category
the spatial method - Answer- aggregating variable values by another variable
representing spatial dimension
Data - Answer- Facts about objects obtained through observations, experiments and
measurements
What are the requirements for data to be factual? - Answer- Bias effects minimized,
data consistency (no matter who collects the data), *low bias => low variability
What's the difference between data and information? - Answer- -our interpretation of
data
-data is unorganized facts that needs to be processed & is useless until it's organized.
-when data is processed, organized, structured, or presented in a given context so as to
make it useful is when it becomes information.
-information informs decision makers, easy-to-understand summary
What are the steps for converting data to information? - Answer-
Data(Primary/Secondary)
->data aggregation(Reduce data into categories/groupings)
->data analysis(Pattern within categories, relationship between categories)
->data presentation
->information
What is primary data and its common methods? - Answer- -data collected by oneself
-experiments, observations, surveys, interviews
What is secondary data and its common methods? - Answer- -data collected by
someone other than the user
-censuses, online statistics, data collected through qualitative methodologies or
qualitative research
variable - Answer- -something that can take more than one value
variables must show ______ to be useful - Answer- variation
