ENG. RAMI KHALIL
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, Source: MACHINE DESIGN DATABOOK
CHAPTER
1
PROPERTIES OF ENGINEERING
MATERIALS
SYMBOLS5;6
a area of cross section, m2 (in2 )
original area of cross section of test specimen, mm2 (in2 )
Aj area of smallest cross section of test specimen under load Fj , m2
(in2 )
Af minimum area of cross section of test specimen at fracture, m2
(in2 )
A0 original area of cross section of test specimen, m2 (in2 )
Ar percent reduction in area that occurs in standard test
specimen
Bhn Brinell hardness number
d diameter of indentation, mm
diameter of test specimen at necking, m (in)
D diameter of steel ball, mm
E modulus of elasticity or Young’s modulus, GPa
[Mpsi (Mlb/in2 )]
f" strain fringe (fri) value, mm/fri (min/fri)
f stress fringe value, kN/m fri (lbf/in fri)
F load (also with subscripts), kN (lbf)
G modulus of rigidity or torsional or shear modulus, GPa
(Mpsi)
HB Brinell hardness number
lf final length of test specimen at fracture, mm (in)
lj gauge length of test specimen corresponding to load Fj , mm
(in)
l0 original gauge length of test specimen, mm (in)
Q figure of merit, fri/m (fri/in)
RB Rockwell B hardness number
RC Rockwell C hardness number
Poisson’s ratio
normal stress, MPa (psi)
The units in parentheses are US Customary units
[e.g., fps (foot-pounds-second)].
1.1
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, PROPERTIES OF ENGINEERING MATERIALS
1.2 CHAPTER ONE
b transverse bending stress, MPa (psi)
c compressive stress, MPa (psi)
s strength, MPa (psi)
t tensile stress, MPa (psi)
sf endurance limit, MPa (psi)
0sf endurance limit of rotating beam specimen or R R Moore
endurance limit, MPa (psi)
0sfa endurance limit for reversed axial loading, MPa (psi)
0sfb endurance limit for reversed bending, MPa (psi)
sc compressive strength, MPa (psi)
su tensile strength, MPa (psi)
u ultimate stress, MPa (psi)
uc ultimate compressive stress, MPa (psi)
ut ultimate tensile stress, MPt (psi)
su
sbu
ultimate strength, MPA (psi)
suc ultimate compressive strength, MPa (psi)
sut ultimate tensile strength, MPa (psi)
y yield stress, MPa (psi)
yc yield compressive stress, MPa (psi)
yt yield tensile stress, MPa (psi)
syc yield compressive strength, MPa (psi)
syt yield tensile strength, MPa (psi)
torsional (shear) stress, MPa (psi)
s shear strength, MPa (psi)
u ultimate shear stress, MPa (psi)
su ultimate shear strength, MPa (psi)
y yield shear stress, MPa (psi)
sy yield shear strength, MPa (psi)
sf0 torsional endurance limit, MPa (psi)
SUFFIXES
a axial
b bending
c compressive
f endurance
s strength properties of material
t tensile
u ultimate
y yield
ABBREVIATIONS
AISI American Iron and Steel Institute
ASA American Standards Association
AMS Aerospace Materials Specifications
ASM American Society for Metals
ASME American Society of Mechanical Engineers
ASTM American Society for Testing Materials
BIS Bureau of Indian Standards
BSS British Standard Specifications
DIN Deutsches Institut für Normung
ISO International Standards Organization
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, PROPERTIES OF ENGINEERING MATERIALS
PROPERTIES OF ENGINEERING MATERIALS 1.3
SAE Society of Automotive Engineers
UNS Unified Numbering system
Note: and with subscript s designates strength properties of material used in the design which will be used and
observed throughout this Machine Design Data Handbook. Other factors in performance or in special aspects are
included from time to time in this chapter and, being applicable only in their immediate context, are not given at
this stage.
Particular Formula
For engineering stress-strain diagram for ductile steel, Refer to Fig. 1-1
i.e., low carbon steel
For engineering stress-strain diagram for brittle Refer to Fig. 1-2
material such as cast steel or cast iron lf l0 l lf A0 Af
The nominal unit strain or engineering strain "¼ ¼ ¼ 1¼ ð1-1Þ
l0 l0 l0 A0
where lf ¼ final gauge length of tension test
specimen,
l0 ¼ original gauge length of tension test
specimen.
F
The numerical value of strength of a material s ¼ ð1-2Þ
A
where subscript s stands for strength.
Point P is the proportionality
limit. Y is the upper yield limit.
E is the elastic limit. Y 0 is the
lower yield point. U is the
ultimate tensile strength point.
R is the fracture or rupture
strength point. R0 is the true
fracture or rupture strength
point.
FIGURE 1-1 Stress-strain diagram for ductile material.
Subscript s stands for strength.
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Copyright © 2004 The McGraw-Hill Companies. All rights reserved.
Any use is subject to the Terms of Use as given at the website.
Website:
www.engramikhalil.weebly.com
E-mail:
Mobile:
00961 76 610 384
, Source: MACHINE DESIGN DATABOOK
CHAPTER
1
PROPERTIES OF ENGINEERING
MATERIALS
SYMBOLS5;6
a area of cross section, m2 (in2 )
original area of cross section of test specimen, mm2 (in2 )
Aj area of smallest cross section of test specimen under load Fj , m2
(in2 )
Af minimum area of cross section of test specimen at fracture, m2
(in2 )
A0 original area of cross section of test specimen, m2 (in2 )
Ar percent reduction in area that occurs in standard test
specimen
Bhn Brinell hardness number
d diameter of indentation, mm
diameter of test specimen at necking, m (in)
D diameter of steel ball, mm
E modulus of elasticity or Young’s modulus, GPa
[Mpsi (Mlb/in2 )]
f" strain fringe (fri) value, mm/fri (min/fri)
f stress fringe value, kN/m fri (lbf/in fri)
F load (also with subscripts), kN (lbf)
G modulus of rigidity or torsional or shear modulus, GPa
(Mpsi)
HB Brinell hardness number
lf final length of test specimen at fracture, mm (in)
lj gauge length of test specimen corresponding to load Fj , mm
(in)
l0 original gauge length of test specimen, mm (in)
Q figure of merit, fri/m (fri/in)
RB Rockwell B hardness number
RC Rockwell C hardness number
Poisson’s ratio
normal stress, MPa (psi)
The units in parentheses are US Customary units
[e.g., fps (foot-pounds-second)].
1.1
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Copyright © 2004 The McGraw-Hill Companies. All rights reserved.
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, PROPERTIES OF ENGINEERING MATERIALS
1.2 CHAPTER ONE
b transverse bending stress, MPa (psi)
c compressive stress, MPa (psi)
s strength, MPa (psi)
t tensile stress, MPa (psi)
sf endurance limit, MPa (psi)
0sf endurance limit of rotating beam specimen or R R Moore
endurance limit, MPa (psi)
0sfa endurance limit for reversed axial loading, MPa (psi)
0sfb endurance limit for reversed bending, MPa (psi)
sc compressive strength, MPa (psi)
su tensile strength, MPa (psi)
u ultimate stress, MPa (psi)
uc ultimate compressive stress, MPa (psi)
ut ultimate tensile stress, MPt (psi)
su
sbu
ultimate strength, MPA (psi)
suc ultimate compressive strength, MPa (psi)
sut ultimate tensile strength, MPa (psi)
y yield stress, MPa (psi)
yc yield compressive stress, MPa (psi)
yt yield tensile stress, MPa (psi)
syc yield compressive strength, MPa (psi)
syt yield tensile strength, MPa (psi)
torsional (shear) stress, MPa (psi)
s shear strength, MPa (psi)
u ultimate shear stress, MPa (psi)
su ultimate shear strength, MPa (psi)
y yield shear stress, MPa (psi)
sy yield shear strength, MPa (psi)
sf0 torsional endurance limit, MPa (psi)
SUFFIXES
a axial
b bending
c compressive
f endurance
s strength properties of material
t tensile
u ultimate
y yield
ABBREVIATIONS
AISI American Iron and Steel Institute
ASA American Standards Association
AMS Aerospace Materials Specifications
ASM American Society for Metals
ASME American Society of Mechanical Engineers
ASTM American Society for Testing Materials
BIS Bureau of Indian Standards
BSS British Standard Specifications
DIN Deutsches Institut für Normung
ISO International Standards Organization
Downloaded from Digital Engineering Library @ McGraw-Hill (www.digitalengineeringlibrary.com)
Copyright © 2004 The McGraw-Hill Companies. All rights reserved.
Any use is subject to the Terms of Use as given at the website.
, PROPERTIES OF ENGINEERING MATERIALS
PROPERTIES OF ENGINEERING MATERIALS 1.3
SAE Society of Automotive Engineers
UNS Unified Numbering system
Note: and with subscript s designates strength properties of material used in the design which will be used and
observed throughout this Machine Design Data Handbook. Other factors in performance or in special aspects are
included from time to time in this chapter and, being applicable only in their immediate context, are not given at
this stage.
Particular Formula
For engineering stress-strain diagram for ductile steel, Refer to Fig. 1-1
i.e., low carbon steel
For engineering stress-strain diagram for brittle Refer to Fig. 1-2
material such as cast steel or cast iron lf l0 l lf A0 Af
The nominal unit strain or engineering strain "¼ ¼ ¼ 1¼ ð1-1Þ
l0 l0 l0 A0
where lf ¼ final gauge length of tension test
specimen,
l0 ¼ original gauge length of tension test
specimen.
F
The numerical value of strength of a material s ¼ ð1-2Þ
A
where subscript s stands for strength.
Point P is the proportionality
limit. Y is the upper yield limit.
E is the elastic limit. Y 0 is the
lower yield point. U is the
ultimate tensile strength point.
R is the fracture or rupture
strength point. R0 is the true
fracture or rupture strength
point.
FIGURE 1-1 Stress-strain diagram for ductile material.
Subscript s stands for strength.
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Copyright © 2004 The McGraw-Hill Companies. All rights reserved.
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