NR 203 Midterm Exam with Accurate Answers.
Latest Edition
Growth and Development from a Lifespan Perspective
• Definition: - ✔✔Lifespan development examines how individuals grow and change from birth
to death.
Perspectives:
• Multi-directional: - ✔✔Growth occurs in different directions (e.g., cognitive skills improve,
but physical agility may decline).
multi-contextual development: - ✔✔Development is influenced by social and historical contexts
(e.g., impact of family, culture, economy).
Multi-cultural development: - ✔✔Cultural background affects behaviors and development.
Plasticity: - ✔✔Development is flexible and can change based on experiences.
Ecological-Systems Approach (Bioecological Model)
• Definition: - ✔✔Examines how different environmental systems influence development.
Ecological-Systems ApproachSystems:
• Microsystem: - ✔✔Immediate surroundings (e.g., family, school).
Mesosystem: - ✔✔Interactions between microsystems (e.g., parent-teacher relationships).
Exosystem: - ✔✔Indirect influences (e.g., parent's workplace affecting home life).
, Macrosystem: - ✔✔Cultural and societal influences (e.g., laws, values).
Chronosystem: - ✔✔Time-based changes (e.g., historical events affecting childhood).
Nature vs. Nurture Debate
• Nature: - ✔✔Genetic inheritance shapes development (e.g., eye color, predisposition to
diseases).
Nurture: - ✔✔Environmental influences (e.g., parenting, education).
Nature vs. Nurture Debate; interactions: - ✔✔Both influence development (e.g., intelligence
influenced by genes and education).
Critical Period vs. Sensitive Period
• Critical Period: - ✔✔Time when specific development must occur (e.g., embryonic limb
formation).
Critical Period vs. Sensitive Period:
Sensitive period: - ✔✔Optimal time for learning, but still possible later (e.g., language
acquisition in early childhood).
Unconscious drives (Freud) and psychosocial conflicts (Erikson). - ✔✔Psychoanalytic
Observable behaviors (Skinner, Pavlov). - ✔✔Behaviorism
Mental processes and problem-solving (Piaget). - ✔✔Cognitive Theory
Learning through observation (Bandura). - ✔✔Social Learning Theory
Latest Edition
Growth and Development from a Lifespan Perspective
• Definition: - ✔✔Lifespan development examines how individuals grow and change from birth
to death.
Perspectives:
• Multi-directional: - ✔✔Growth occurs in different directions (e.g., cognitive skills improve,
but physical agility may decline).
multi-contextual development: - ✔✔Development is influenced by social and historical contexts
(e.g., impact of family, culture, economy).
Multi-cultural development: - ✔✔Cultural background affects behaviors and development.
Plasticity: - ✔✔Development is flexible and can change based on experiences.
Ecological-Systems Approach (Bioecological Model)
• Definition: - ✔✔Examines how different environmental systems influence development.
Ecological-Systems ApproachSystems:
• Microsystem: - ✔✔Immediate surroundings (e.g., family, school).
Mesosystem: - ✔✔Interactions between microsystems (e.g., parent-teacher relationships).
Exosystem: - ✔✔Indirect influences (e.g., parent's workplace affecting home life).
, Macrosystem: - ✔✔Cultural and societal influences (e.g., laws, values).
Chronosystem: - ✔✔Time-based changes (e.g., historical events affecting childhood).
Nature vs. Nurture Debate
• Nature: - ✔✔Genetic inheritance shapes development (e.g., eye color, predisposition to
diseases).
Nurture: - ✔✔Environmental influences (e.g., parenting, education).
Nature vs. Nurture Debate; interactions: - ✔✔Both influence development (e.g., intelligence
influenced by genes and education).
Critical Period vs. Sensitive Period
• Critical Period: - ✔✔Time when specific development must occur (e.g., embryonic limb
formation).
Critical Period vs. Sensitive Period:
Sensitive period: - ✔✔Optimal time for learning, but still possible later (e.g., language
acquisition in early childhood).
Unconscious drives (Freud) and psychosocial conflicts (Erikson). - ✔✔Psychoanalytic
Observable behaviors (Skinner, Pavlov). - ✔✔Behaviorism
Mental processes and problem-solving (Piaget). - ✔✔Cognitive Theory
Learning through observation (Bandura). - ✔✔Social Learning Theory
