AH CH 66 CARE OF PATIENTS WITH
URINARY PROBLEMS. EXAM
QUESTIONS WITH VERIFIED
ANSWERS. A+ GRADE 2025/2026.
Acute infections in the lower urinary tract - ANS Urethritis, cystitis (bladder), and prostatitis
Upper urinary tract infection - ANS Pyelonephritis (kidney)
Bacteruria - ANS Presence of bacteria in the urine. Can be present without manifestation of
infection: called colonization or ABUTI. Can progress to infection.
Uncomplicated UTI - ANS No anatomic or functional abnormality of the urinary tract
Complicated UTI - ANS Associated with conditions that increase the risk for treatment failure
or serious outcomes. IE obstruction, pregnancy, male gender, diabetes, neurogenic bladder,
renal insufficiency, and immunosupression.
Cystitis - ANS Inflammation of bladder.
Most commonly caused by bacteria moving up the urinary tract from urethra to bladder.
1 @COPYRIGHT 2025/2026 ALLRIGHTS RESERVED
,Catheters: high risk for cystitis
Preventing a UTI - ANS -Drink fluid liberally, 2-L/day unless contraindicated.
-Get enough sleep, rest, and nutrition
-If spermicides are used, consider changing contraceptives
-Clean from front to back
-Avoid douches, perfumes, tight underwear
-Empty bladder before and after intercourse
-Do not delay urination
UTI manifestations - ANS Frequency, urgency, dysuria. Urine may be cloudy, foul smelling,
blood tinged.
Lab for UTI - ANS Urinalysis with testing for leukocute esterase and nitrate. Clean catch
specimen. Leukoesterase is an enzyme found in some white blood cells (WBCs), especially
neutrophils. When these WBCs are lysed, the urine contains leukoesterase. The presence of
leukoesterase indicates a UTI.
Urine culture - ANS Confirms the type of organism. Indicated when UTI is complicated or
treatment resistant.
UTI meds - ANS Chart 66-4
Urethritis - ANS Inflammation of the urethra causing symptoms similar to UTI
Most common in postmenopausal women and is probably caused by tissue changes related to
low estrogen levels. Treat with estrogen creams.
Urethritis in men - ANS Most commonly caused by STDs. Treat with antibiotics.
2 @COPYRIGHT 2025/2026 ALLRIGHTS RESERVED
, Urethral strictures - ANS Narrowed areas of the urethra. Most common symptom is
obstruction of urine flow.
Stricture treatment - ANS -Dilation of the urethra using local anesthetic (temporary)
-Stent placement
-Urethroplasty: best chance of long term cure. Surgical removal of affected area.
Stress incontinence - ANS Most common type. Loss of small amounts of urine during
coughing, sneezing, jogging, or lifting.
Stress incontinence treatment - ANS Journaling, behavioral interventions, diet modification,
Kegal exercises
Urge incontinence - ANS Urgent sensation to void as a result of bladder contractions and
unable to suppress urge to void. Aka overactive bladder
Urge incontinence treatment - ANS Drugs: anticholinergics, antihistamines, etc
Avoid artificial sweeteners, caffeine, and alcohol
Exercise, bladder training
Mixed incontinence - ANS Presence of more than one type of incontinence
Overflow incontinence - ANS Detrusor muscles fail to contract and bladder becomes
overdistended. Aka reflex incontinence or under active bladder. Bladder reaches full capacity
and urine must leak to avoid rupture.
Overflow incontinence treatment - ANS Surgery to relieve obstruction. Intermittent
catheterization, bladder compression, drug therapy, behavioral interventions.
3 @COPYRIGHT 2025/2026 ALLRIGHTS RESERVED
URINARY PROBLEMS. EXAM
QUESTIONS WITH VERIFIED
ANSWERS. A+ GRADE 2025/2026.
Acute infections in the lower urinary tract - ANS Urethritis, cystitis (bladder), and prostatitis
Upper urinary tract infection - ANS Pyelonephritis (kidney)
Bacteruria - ANS Presence of bacteria in the urine. Can be present without manifestation of
infection: called colonization or ABUTI. Can progress to infection.
Uncomplicated UTI - ANS No anatomic or functional abnormality of the urinary tract
Complicated UTI - ANS Associated with conditions that increase the risk for treatment failure
or serious outcomes. IE obstruction, pregnancy, male gender, diabetes, neurogenic bladder,
renal insufficiency, and immunosupression.
Cystitis - ANS Inflammation of bladder.
Most commonly caused by bacteria moving up the urinary tract from urethra to bladder.
1 @COPYRIGHT 2025/2026 ALLRIGHTS RESERVED
,Catheters: high risk for cystitis
Preventing a UTI - ANS -Drink fluid liberally, 2-L/day unless contraindicated.
-Get enough sleep, rest, and nutrition
-If spermicides are used, consider changing contraceptives
-Clean from front to back
-Avoid douches, perfumes, tight underwear
-Empty bladder before and after intercourse
-Do not delay urination
UTI manifestations - ANS Frequency, urgency, dysuria. Urine may be cloudy, foul smelling,
blood tinged.
Lab for UTI - ANS Urinalysis with testing for leukocute esterase and nitrate. Clean catch
specimen. Leukoesterase is an enzyme found in some white blood cells (WBCs), especially
neutrophils. When these WBCs are lysed, the urine contains leukoesterase. The presence of
leukoesterase indicates a UTI.
Urine culture - ANS Confirms the type of organism. Indicated when UTI is complicated or
treatment resistant.
UTI meds - ANS Chart 66-4
Urethritis - ANS Inflammation of the urethra causing symptoms similar to UTI
Most common in postmenopausal women and is probably caused by tissue changes related to
low estrogen levels. Treat with estrogen creams.
Urethritis in men - ANS Most commonly caused by STDs. Treat with antibiotics.
2 @COPYRIGHT 2025/2026 ALLRIGHTS RESERVED
, Urethral strictures - ANS Narrowed areas of the urethra. Most common symptom is
obstruction of urine flow.
Stricture treatment - ANS -Dilation of the urethra using local anesthetic (temporary)
-Stent placement
-Urethroplasty: best chance of long term cure. Surgical removal of affected area.
Stress incontinence - ANS Most common type. Loss of small amounts of urine during
coughing, sneezing, jogging, or lifting.
Stress incontinence treatment - ANS Journaling, behavioral interventions, diet modification,
Kegal exercises
Urge incontinence - ANS Urgent sensation to void as a result of bladder contractions and
unable to suppress urge to void. Aka overactive bladder
Urge incontinence treatment - ANS Drugs: anticholinergics, antihistamines, etc
Avoid artificial sweeteners, caffeine, and alcohol
Exercise, bladder training
Mixed incontinence - ANS Presence of more than one type of incontinence
Overflow incontinence - ANS Detrusor muscles fail to contract and bladder becomes
overdistended. Aka reflex incontinence or under active bladder. Bladder reaches full capacity
and urine must leak to avoid rupture.
Overflow incontinence treatment - ANS Surgery to relieve obstruction. Intermittent
catheterization, bladder compression, drug therapy, behavioral interventions.
3 @COPYRIGHT 2025/2026 ALLRIGHTS RESERVED
