BRAINSCAPE1
SPH 200 Exam with complete
solutions latest version
what is public health? - CORRECT ANSWER-the science and art of preventing disease,
prolonging life and promoting health through the organized efforts and informed choices
of society, organizations, public and private, communities and individuals
- emphasizes the promotion of health and populations as a whole
Miasma Theory - CORRECT ANSWER-belief that diseases such as cholera & Black
Death were caused by noxious clouds of "bad air"
describe the seven steps of assessment, planning, action, evaluation - CORRECT
ANSWER-1) Identify gaps that prevent proper action through assesment
2) adapt to the local context
3) assess barriers to knowledge use
4)select, tailor, and implement interventions (use knowledge translation)
5) monitor knowledge use
6) evaluate outcomes
7)sustain knowledge use
Food and Drugs Act - CORRECT ANSWER-lays foundation for distributing food and
drugs safely
health - CORRECT ANSWER-The combination of physical, mental/emotional, and
social well-being (not just the absence of disease)
1978 WHO definition of health - CORRECT ANSWER-level of health that permits
people to lead socially and economically productive lives
mortality based measures of health - CORRECT ANSWER-a binary measurement of
health that is often easy to attribute
what are two mortality based measures of health? - CORRECT ANSWER-infant
mortality rates
life expectancy at birth
BRAINSCAPE1
, BRAINSCAPE1
- lower socioeconomic status & lower education resulted in an increase chance of death
Disability Adjusted Life Year (DALY) - CORRECT ANSWER-A statistical measure
combining in one number years lost to premature mortality and years lived with
disability. One DALY equals one lost year of healthy life.
average life expectancy - CORRECT ANSWER-the number of years the average
newborn in a particular population group is likely to live
65 years in the US (11 yrs are lost to DALY)
biological risk factors - CORRECT ANSWER-genetic endowment, aging
environmental risk factors - CORRECT ANSWER-food, air, water, risk of infectious
diseases
Psychosocial risk factors - CORRECT ANSWER-poverty, stress, personality and culture
absolute wealth - CORRECT ANSWER-Current market cash value of all of your assets
relative wealth - CORRECT ANSWER-your wealth compared to others
Gini Coefficient - CORRECT ANSWER-A measure of income inequality within a
population, ranging from zero for complete equality, to one if one person has all the
income.
Epidemiology - CORRECT ANSWER-the study of distribution and determinants of
disease in human populations
determinants of disease - CORRECT ANSWER-are answered using WHO, WHEN, and
WHERE questions
how do epidemiologists study human populations? - CORRECT ANSWER-
observational methods are used more commonly than experimental methods (with the
exception of intervention studies)
intervention studies - CORRECT ANSWER-studies the efficacy of a drug or vaccine
(like in clinical trials)
has a placebo (control) group & experimental group
is done with randomized double-blind trials
randomized double-blind trials - CORRECT ANSWER-have participants randomly
assigned to the group, neither the patient nor investigator knows which group which
patient is in
BRAINSCAPE1
, BRAINSCAPE1
cohort studies - CORRECT ANSWER-exposing a normal (relatively healthy) population
to a risk factor, and studying them for many years to see if exposure has an association
with disease
- has no intervention, is just observational
relative risk - CORRECT ANSWER-The Incidence Rate of a disease in a population
exposed to a particular factor ÷ the Incidence Rate of those not exposed
needs iof a cohort study - CORRECT ANSWER-time, large population
Case-control study - CORRECT ANSWER-A type of epidemiologic study where a group
of individuals with the diseases, referred to as cases, are compared to individuals
without the disease, referred to as controls
- control for everything as much as possible except for the disease (ie age, gender etc)
are done RETROACTIVELY to determine their exposure to risk factor
odds ratio - CORRECT ANSWER-The likelihood of a disease among individuals
exposed to a risk factor compared to those who have not been exposed
part of CASE CONTROL STUDIES
sample size error - CORRECT ANSWER-The observed association may be due to
chance.(one individual could skew the data)
cause & effect may not be obvious
the timeframe between exposure + outcome might be long
confounding variable - CORRECT ANSWER-a factor other than the independent
variable that might produce an effect in an experiment
selection bias - CORRECT ANSWER-An error in which the sample is not representative
of the population being studied, so that some opinions are over- or underrepresented (ie
those who are most satisfied/ disatisfied tend to answer)
most prevalent in case control studies
- can also be seen in cohort studies where there's a higher risk of participant drop out
recall bias - CORRECT ANSWER-Systematic error due to differences in accuracy or
completeness of recall to the memory of past events or experiences.
BRAINSCAPE1
, BRAINSCAPE1
reporting bias - CORRECT ANSWER-A synonym for recall bias is very common in
case-control studies where the control and study group report differently even if their
exposure to the risk factor is the same
disease prevalence - CORRECT ANSWER-It is the number of all cases of a disease
(both old and new) identified in a specific population at a given time.
disease rate - CORRECT ANSWER-expression of disease in a population in a given
period of time
social determinants of health - CORRECT ANSWER-Aspects of society and the social
environment that impact on health, such as poverty, early life experiences, social
networks and support.
Income and Social Status - CORRECT ANSWER-- Greatest DOH, influences others in
terms of the overall diet, the extent of physical activity, quality of life
- especially pronounced in places where healthcare, education, guaranteed basic
income are not guaranteed
what are some services not covered by the government in canada? - CORRECT
ANSWER-prescription drugs, dental care, eye care
-> these take a more significant portion of people's entire pay cheque when they are of
lower SES
what are some causes of stress in the workplace? - CORRECT ANSWER--not being
able to use skills
-having a low decision-making capacity
-job uncertainty
- working pace, physical conditions, etc.
job stress is linked to heart disease incidence
benefits of higher education - CORRECT ANSWER-better job security & upward motility
- more likely to promote their own health through individual action
single-payer system - CORRECT ANSWER-health care system in which the
government collects all health care fees via taxes and pays out all health care costs
aka universal healthcare, like in Canada
public policy - CORRECT ANSWER-the course of action the government takes/ doesn't
take in response to an issue or problem
health policy - CORRECT ANSWER-decisions, plans, and actions that are undertaken
to achieve specific health care goals within a society
economic lens of health policy - CORRECT ANSWER-determines the allocation of
health resources
BRAINSCAPE1
SPH 200 Exam with complete
solutions latest version
what is public health? - CORRECT ANSWER-the science and art of preventing disease,
prolonging life and promoting health through the organized efforts and informed choices
of society, organizations, public and private, communities and individuals
- emphasizes the promotion of health and populations as a whole
Miasma Theory - CORRECT ANSWER-belief that diseases such as cholera & Black
Death were caused by noxious clouds of "bad air"
describe the seven steps of assessment, planning, action, evaluation - CORRECT
ANSWER-1) Identify gaps that prevent proper action through assesment
2) adapt to the local context
3) assess barriers to knowledge use
4)select, tailor, and implement interventions (use knowledge translation)
5) monitor knowledge use
6) evaluate outcomes
7)sustain knowledge use
Food and Drugs Act - CORRECT ANSWER-lays foundation for distributing food and
drugs safely
health - CORRECT ANSWER-The combination of physical, mental/emotional, and
social well-being (not just the absence of disease)
1978 WHO definition of health - CORRECT ANSWER-level of health that permits
people to lead socially and economically productive lives
mortality based measures of health - CORRECT ANSWER-a binary measurement of
health that is often easy to attribute
what are two mortality based measures of health? - CORRECT ANSWER-infant
mortality rates
life expectancy at birth
BRAINSCAPE1
, BRAINSCAPE1
- lower socioeconomic status & lower education resulted in an increase chance of death
Disability Adjusted Life Year (DALY) - CORRECT ANSWER-A statistical measure
combining in one number years lost to premature mortality and years lived with
disability. One DALY equals one lost year of healthy life.
average life expectancy - CORRECT ANSWER-the number of years the average
newborn in a particular population group is likely to live
65 years in the US (11 yrs are lost to DALY)
biological risk factors - CORRECT ANSWER-genetic endowment, aging
environmental risk factors - CORRECT ANSWER-food, air, water, risk of infectious
diseases
Psychosocial risk factors - CORRECT ANSWER-poverty, stress, personality and culture
absolute wealth - CORRECT ANSWER-Current market cash value of all of your assets
relative wealth - CORRECT ANSWER-your wealth compared to others
Gini Coefficient - CORRECT ANSWER-A measure of income inequality within a
population, ranging from zero for complete equality, to one if one person has all the
income.
Epidemiology - CORRECT ANSWER-the study of distribution and determinants of
disease in human populations
determinants of disease - CORRECT ANSWER-are answered using WHO, WHEN, and
WHERE questions
how do epidemiologists study human populations? - CORRECT ANSWER-
observational methods are used more commonly than experimental methods (with the
exception of intervention studies)
intervention studies - CORRECT ANSWER-studies the efficacy of a drug or vaccine
(like in clinical trials)
has a placebo (control) group & experimental group
is done with randomized double-blind trials
randomized double-blind trials - CORRECT ANSWER-have participants randomly
assigned to the group, neither the patient nor investigator knows which group which
patient is in
BRAINSCAPE1
, BRAINSCAPE1
cohort studies - CORRECT ANSWER-exposing a normal (relatively healthy) population
to a risk factor, and studying them for many years to see if exposure has an association
with disease
- has no intervention, is just observational
relative risk - CORRECT ANSWER-The Incidence Rate of a disease in a population
exposed to a particular factor ÷ the Incidence Rate of those not exposed
needs iof a cohort study - CORRECT ANSWER-time, large population
Case-control study - CORRECT ANSWER-A type of epidemiologic study where a group
of individuals with the diseases, referred to as cases, are compared to individuals
without the disease, referred to as controls
- control for everything as much as possible except for the disease (ie age, gender etc)
are done RETROACTIVELY to determine their exposure to risk factor
odds ratio - CORRECT ANSWER-The likelihood of a disease among individuals
exposed to a risk factor compared to those who have not been exposed
part of CASE CONTROL STUDIES
sample size error - CORRECT ANSWER-The observed association may be due to
chance.(one individual could skew the data)
cause & effect may not be obvious
the timeframe between exposure + outcome might be long
confounding variable - CORRECT ANSWER-a factor other than the independent
variable that might produce an effect in an experiment
selection bias - CORRECT ANSWER-An error in which the sample is not representative
of the population being studied, so that some opinions are over- or underrepresented (ie
those who are most satisfied/ disatisfied tend to answer)
most prevalent in case control studies
- can also be seen in cohort studies where there's a higher risk of participant drop out
recall bias - CORRECT ANSWER-Systematic error due to differences in accuracy or
completeness of recall to the memory of past events or experiences.
BRAINSCAPE1
, BRAINSCAPE1
reporting bias - CORRECT ANSWER-A synonym for recall bias is very common in
case-control studies where the control and study group report differently even if their
exposure to the risk factor is the same
disease prevalence - CORRECT ANSWER-It is the number of all cases of a disease
(both old and new) identified in a specific population at a given time.
disease rate - CORRECT ANSWER-expression of disease in a population in a given
period of time
social determinants of health - CORRECT ANSWER-Aspects of society and the social
environment that impact on health, such as poverty, early life experiences, social
networks and support.
Income and Social Status - CORRECT ANSWER-- Greatest DOH, influences others in
terms of the overall diet, the extent of physical activity, quality of life
- especially pronounced in places where healthcare, education, guaranteed basic
income are not guaranteed
what are some services not covered by the government in canada? - CORRECT
ANSWER-prescription drugs, dental care, eye care
-> these take a more significant portion of people's entire pay cheque when they are of
lower SES
what are some causes of stress in the workplace? - CORRECT ANSWER--not being
able to use skills
-having a low decision-making capacity
-job uncertainty
- working pace, physical conditions, etc.
job stress is linked to heart disease incidence
benefits of higher education - CORRECT ANSWER-better job security & upward motility
- more likely to promote their own health through individual action
single-payer system - CORRECT ANSWER-health care system in which the
government collects all health care fees via taxes and pays out all health care costs
aka universal healthcare, like in Canada
public policy - CORRECT ANSWER-the course of action the government takes/ doesn't
take in response to an issue or problem
health policy - CORRECT ANSWER-decisions, plans, and actions that are undertaken
to achieve specific health care goals within a society
economic lens of health policy - CORRECT ANSWER-determines the allocation of
health resources
BRAINSCAPE1
