BRAINSCAPE1
Solutions for Nutrition Concepts and Controversies
14th Edition by Sizer
Solutions
BRAINSCAPE1
, mailto:BRAINSCAPE1
Chapter 2: Nutrition Tools—Standards and Guidelines
Quick List: IM Resources for Chapter 2
Class preparation resources: Chapter Learning Objectives and Key Points, Chapter Lecture Outline, Learning
Activities & Project Ideas,
Assignment materials: Related LO
Critical thinking questions (with answers) .................................................................................. 2.1, 2.3, 2.4
Controversy discussion questions (with answers) ..................................................................................... 2.7
Worksheet 2-1: Breakfast Cereal Label Analysis ...................................................................................... 2.5
Worksheet 2-2: Intake Analysis—More Diet Planning ............................................................................. 2.4
Worksheet 2-3: Dietary Reference Intakes and Food Composition Tables1 ........................................................................... 2.1
Worksheet 2-4: Estimating Amounts2...................................................................................................................................................... 2.3, 2.4
Worksheet 2-5: Guessing Portion Sizes—How Well Can You Do It?................................................. 2.3, 2.4
Worksheet 2-6: Compare Your Food Intake to Recommended Daily Amounts from Each Group........ 2.3, 2.4
Worksheet 2-7: Homemade or On-the-Go? .............................................................................................. 2.6
Worksheet 2-8: Chapter 2 Review Crossword Puzzle
Enrichment materials: Handout 2-1: Most Frequently Eaten Raw Fruits, Vegetables, and Fish/Shellfish ........ 2.3
Chapter Learning Objectives and Key Points
2.1 State the significance of Dietary Reference Intakes (DRI) and Daily Values as nutrient standards.
The Dietary Reference Intakes are U.S. and Canadian nutrient intake standards.
The Daily Values are U.S. standards used on food labels.
The DRI set nutrient intake goals for individuals, standards for researchers and public policy makers, and
tolerable upper limits.
RDA, AI, EAR, and UL are all DRI standards, along with AMDR ranges for energy-yielding nutrients.
The DRI set separate recommendations for specific groups of people at different ages. The DRI intake
recommendations (RDA and AI) are up-to-date, optimal, and safe nutrient intakes for healthy people in the
United States and Canada.
The DRI are based on scientific data and generously cover the needs of virtually all healthy people in the
United States and Canada.
Estimated Energy Requirements are predicted to maintain body weight and to discourage unhealthy weight
gain.
The Daily Values are standards used solely on food labels to enable consumers to compare the nutrient
values of foods.
2.2 Specify how the Dietary Guidelines for Americans work as part of an overall U.S. dietary guidance system.
The Dietary Guidelines for Americans address problems of undernutrition and overnutrition.
They recommend following a healthful eating pattern and being physically active.
Key nutrients of concern are lacking in many U.S. diets; others are oversupplied.
2.3 Explain the use of the USDA Eating Patterns to plan a nutritious diet.
The USDA Eating Patterns divide foods into food groups based on key nutrient contents.
People who consume the specified amounts of foods from each group and subgroup achieve dietary
adequacy, balance, and variety.
Following the USDA Eating Patterns requires choosing nutrient-dense foods most often.
Solid fats, added sugars, and alcohol should be limited.
1 Contributed by Kris Levy, R.D., L.D., Columbus State Community College
,2 Contributed by Lora Beth Brown, Ed.D., R.D., C.D., Brigham Young University
, mailto:BRAINSCAPE1
2.4 Given the required number of calories, discuss a healthful diet plan by applying the USDA Eating Patterns.
The USDA Eating Patterns for various calorie levels can guide food choices in diet planning.
The concepts of the USDA Eating Patterns are demonstrated in the MyPlate online educational tools.
The USDA Eating Patterns can be used with flexibility by people with different eating styles.
The Food Lists for Diabetes group foods that are similar in carbohydrate, fat, and protein to facilitate
control of energy nutrient and calorie consumption.
2.5 Discuss the information included on food labels.
Food labels may contain reliable nutrient claims and approved health claims but may also contain structure-
function claims of varying reliability.
Front-of-package icons speed consumers’ comprehension of nutrient information.
2.6 Estimate the benefits of a nutrient-dense meal plan through comparison with a meal plan that does not take
nutrient density into account.
2.7 Summarize the potential health effects of phytochemicals from both food sources and supplements.
Answers to Global Nutrition Watch Activities
1. b
2. b
3. d
Critical Thinking Questions
1. The RDA values for essential nutrients are intended to meet the needs of 97-98% of the healthy population. The
EER values, in contrast, are much less generous. Why is there such a difference between the proportion of the
population whose needs are met by the RDA versus the EER?
If the RDA values were adequate for only 50% of healthy adults, then only 50% or fewer of all people adhering
to these recommendations would get enough of these micronutrients for their bodies’ needs. The remainder of
the people would be deficient in them. Instead, RDA values are generous enough to be adequate for almost all
healthy people and thus prevent deficiencies.
The EER values are set mid-way along the population curve because, unlike consuming slightly more
micronutrients than required, which is safe, consistently taking in too much food energy can be harmful. This is
because small excesses can result in unnecessary weight gains with risk to health. The DRI committee has
purposefully set the EER value at a less generous level so that most people adhering to them do not exceed their
energy needs for the day.
2. You wish to increase your intake of whole grains without taking in excessive amounts of calories. How would
you utilize the USDA Eating Plans to incorporate whole-grain foods into your diet?
First, you would ask yourself whether you are currently in energy balance; that is, are you maintaining a healthy
weight over time with your current eating habits? If so, then you likely just need to replace refined grain choices
with whole-grain equivalents. However, to confirm you are eating the right amount of grains in the first place,
you would compare the quantities of each food group you currently eat with the USDA Eating Plan for a person
with your estimated calorie requirement. You could use the food group information in the text (Figure 2-5) or
available online from www.choosemyplate.gov to learn to recognize and select whole-grain foods.
3. To which of the following people does the RDA for vitamin D not apply? Why? (a) A middle-aged active
woman; (b) a growing child; (c) an elderly man; or (d) an adolescent male with cystic fibrosis, a serious,
inherited chronic illness.
Solutions for Nutrition Concepts and Controversies
14th Edition by Sizer
Solutions
BRAINSCAPE1
, mailto:BRAINSCAPE1
Chapter 2: Nutrition Tools—Standards and Guidelines
Quick List: IM Resources for Chapter 2
Class preparation resources: Chapter Learning Objectives and Key Points, Chapter Lecture Outline, Learning
Activities & Project Ideas,
Assignment materials: Related LO
Critical thinking questions (with answers) .................................................................................. 2.1, 2.3, 2.4
Controversy discussion questions (with answers) ..................................................................................... 2.7
Worksheet 2-1: Breakfast Cereal Label Analysis ...................................................................................... 2.5
Worksheet 2-2: Intake Analysis—More Diet Planning ............................................................................. 2.4
Worksheet 2-3: Dietary Reference Intakes and Food Composition Tables1 ........................................................................... 2.1
Worksheet 2-4: Estimating Amounts2...................................................................................................................................................... 2.3, 2.4
Worksheet 2-5: Guessing Portion Sizes—How Well Can You Do It?................................................. 2.3, 2.4
Worksheet 2-6: Compare Your Food Intake to Recommended Daily Amounts from Each Group........ 2.3, 2.4
Worksheet 2-7: Homemade or On-the-Go? .............................................................................................. 2.6
Worksheet 2-8: Chapter 2 Review Crossword Puzzle
Enrichment materials: Handout 2-1: Most Frequently Eaten Raw Fruits, Vegetables, and Fish/Shellfish ........ 2.3
Chapter Learning Objectives and Key Points
2.1 State the significance of Dietary Reference Intakes (DRI) and Daily Values as nutrient standards.
The Dietary Reference Intakes are U.S. and Canadian nutrient intake standards.
The Daily Values are U.S. standards used on food labels.
The DRI set nutrient intake goals for individuals, standards for researchers and public policy makers, and
tolerable upper limits.
RDA, AI, EAR, and UL are all DRI standards, along with AMDR ranges for energy-yielding nutrients.
The DRI set separate recommendations for specific groups of people at different ages. The DRI intake
recommendations (RDA and AI) are up-to-date, optimal, and safe nutrient intakes for healthy people in the
United States and Canada.
The DRI are based on scientific data and generously cover the needs of virtually all healthy people in the
United States and Canada.
Estimated Energy Requirements are predicted to maintain body weight and to discourage unhealthy weight
gain.
The Daily Values are standards used solely on food labels to enable consumers to compare the nutrient
values of foods.
2.2 Specify how the Dietary Guidelines for Americans work as part of an overall U.S. dietary guidance system.
The Dietary Guidelines for Americans address problems of undernutrition and overnutrition.
They recommend following a healthful eating pattern and being physically active.
Key nutrients of concern are lacking in many U.S. diets; others are oversupplied.
2.3 Explain the use of the USDA Eating Patterns to plan a nutritious diet.
The USDA Eating Patterns divide foods into food groups based on key nutrient contents.
People who consume the specified amounts of foods from each group and subgroup achieve dietary
adequacy, balance, and variety.
Following the USDA Eating Patterns requires choosing nutrient-dense foods most often.
Solid fats, added sugars, and alcohol should be limited.
1 Contributed by Kris Levy, R.D., L.D., Columbus State Community College
,2 Contributed by Lora Beth Brown, Ed.D., R.D., C.D., Brigham Young University
, mailto:BRAINSCAPE1
2.4 Given the required number of calories, discuss a healthful diet plan by applying the USDA Eating Patterns.
The USDA Eating Patterns for various calorie levels can guide food choices in diet planning.
The concepts of the USDA Eating Patterns are demonstrated in the MyPlate online educational tools.
The USDA Eating Patterns can be used with flexibility by people with different eating styles.
The Food Lists for Diabetes group foods that are similar in carbohydrate, fat, and protein to facilitate
control of energy nutrient and calorie consumption.
2.5 Discuss the information included on food labels.
Food labels may contain reliable nutrient claims and approved health claims but may also contain structure-
function claims of varying reliability.
Front-of-package icons speed consumers’ comprehension of nutrient information.
2.6 Estimate the benefits of a nutrient-dense meal plan through comparison with a meal plan that does not take
nutrient density into account.
2.7 Summarize the potential health effects of phytochemicals from both food sources and supplements.
Answers to Global Nutrition Watch Activities
1. b
2. b
3. d
Critical Thinking Questions
1. The RDA values for essential nutrients are intended to meet the needs of 97-98% of the healthy population. The
EER values, in contrast, are much less generous. Why is there such a difference between the proportion of the
population whose needs are met by the RDA versus the EER?
If the RDA values were adequate for only 50% of healthy adults, then only 50% or fewer of all people adhering
to these recommendations would get enough of these micronutrients for their bodies’ needs. The remainder of
the people would be deficient in them. Instead, RDA values are generous enough to be adequate for almost all
healthy people and thus prevent deficiencies.
The EER values are set mid-way along the population curve because, unlike consuming slightly more
micronutrients than required, which is safe, consistently taking in too much food energy can be harmful. This is
because small excesses can result in unnecessary weight gains with risk to health. The DRI committee has
purposefully set the EER value at a less generous level so that most people adhering to them do not exceed their
energy needs for the day.
2. You wish to increase your intake of whole grains without taking in excessive amounts of calories. How would
you utilize the USDA Eating Plans to incorporate whole-grain foods into your diet?
First, you would ask yourself whether you are currently in energy balance; that is, are you maintaining a healthy
weight over time with your current eating habits? If so, then you likely just need to replace refined grain choices
with whole-grain equivalents. However, to confirm you are eating the right amount of grains in the first place,
you would compare the quantities of each food group you currently eat with the USDA Eating Plan for a person
with your estimated calorie requirement. You could use the food group information in the text (Figure 2-5) or
available online from www.choosemyplate.gov to learn to recognize and select whole-grain foods.
3. To which of the following people does the RDA for vitamin D not apply? Why? (a) A middle-aged active
woman; (b) a growing child; (c) an elderly man; or (d) an adolescent male with cystic fibrosis, a serious,
inherited chronic illness.
