Nurs 5315 Adv Patho Exam 1 – Accurate
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Terms in this set (477)
E. Cells decrease in size
P. Still functional; imbalance between protein
synthesis and degradation. Essentially there is an
increase in the catabolism of intracellular
Atrophy organelles, reducing structural components of cell
Physiologic: thymus gland in early childhood
Pathological: disuse (muscle atrophy d/ decrease
workload, pressure, use, blood supply, nutrition,
hormonal stimulation, or nervous stimulation)
E: cells increase in number, mitosis (cell division)
must occur, size of cell does not change
Phys: increased rate of division, increase in tissue
mass after damage or partial resection; may be
compensatory, hormonal, or pathologic
Patho: abnormal proliferation of normal cells usually
Hyperplasia
caused by increased hormonal stimulation
(endometrial). increase of production of local
growth factors
Ex: removal of part of the liver lead to hyperplasia
of hepatocytes. uterine or mammary gland
enlargement during pregnancy
, E. Not true adaptation; Cells abnormal change in
size, shape, organization (classified as mild,
moderate, severe)
P. caused by cell injury/irritation, characterized by
disordered cell growth. aka atypical hyperplasia or
pre-cancer, a disorderly proliferation
Dysplasia
Physiologic: N/A
Pathologic: squamous dysplasia of cervix from HPV
shows up on pap smear, breast cancer
development; pap smears often show dysplastic
cells of the cervix that must undergo laser/surgical
tx
E: reversible change, one type of cell changes to
another type for survival
P: reversible; results from exposure of the cells to
chronic stressors, injury, or irritation; Cancer can
arise from this area, stimulus induces a
reprogramming of stem cells under the influence of
cytokines and growth factors
Metaplasia
Ex: Patho: Columnar cells change to squamous cells
in lungs of smoker or normal ciliated epithelial cells
of the bronchial linings are replaced by stratified
squamous epithelial cells.; Phys: Barrett Esophagus-
normal squamous cells change to columnar
epithelial cells in response to reflux, aka intestinal
metaplasia
E. inadequate oxygenation of tissues
P. decrease in mitochondrial function, decreased
production of ATP increases anaerobic metabolism.
Hypoxia injury
eventual cell death.
C.M. hypoxia, cyanosis, cognitive impairment,
lethargy
, E. normal byproduct of ATP production, will
overwhelm the mitochondria- exhaust intracellular
antioxidants
Free radical and ROS P. lipid peroxidation, damage proteins, fragment
DNA
C.M. development in Alzheimer's, heart disease,
Parkinson's disease, Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis
E. mood altering drug, long term effects on liver
and nutritional status
P. metabolized by liver, generates free radicals
Ethanol C.M. CNS depression, nutrient deficiencies-Mag, Vit
B6, thiamine, PO4, inflammation and fatty infiltration
of liver, hepatomegaly, leads to liver failure
irreversible
Na and H2O enter cell and cause swelling. Organ
increases in weight, becomes distended and pale.
Oncosis
Associated with high fever, hypocalcemia, certain
infections
intracellular accumulation of lipids in the liver
Fatty Infiltration liver fails to metabolize lipids. usually from ETOH or
high fat diet. can lead to cirrhosis
accumulation of Ca in dead or dying tissues
calcium salt clump and harden- interfere with
dystrophic calcification cellular structure and function
r/t pulmonary TB, atherosclerosis, injured heart
valves, chronic pancreatitis
accumulation of Ca in normal tissue
result of hypercalcemia r/t hyperparathyroidism,
metastatic calcification
hyperthyroidism, toxic levels of Vit D. Can also r/t
hyperphosphatemia in renal failure
sodium urate crystals are deposited in tissues-
urate accumulation group of disorders collectively called gout- acute
arthritis, chronic gouty arthritis, tophus, nephritis
Coagulative Necrosis kidneys, heart, adrenals- secondary to hypoxia
Liquefactive Necrosis nerve cells- brain- accumulation of pus
, lung disease- usually TB- tissue looks like clumped
Caseous Necrosis
cheese
breast, pancreas, abdominal structures- creates
Fat Necrosis
soaps
Dry- dark shriveled skin
Wet- internal organs- can lead to death
Gangrenous Necrosis
Gas- from clostridium- antitoxins and hyperbaric
therapy
E. disturbances in serum urate levels. uncommon for
< 30 years old.
P. uric acid is deposited in the tissues of kidney,
Gout heart, earlobes, and joints.
C.M. inflammation, painful joints. result of diuretic
use or diet high in cream sauces, red wine, or red
meat
E. cell hypoxia caused by severe muscle trauma,
hyperthermia, crush injuries, or severe dehydration
P. hypoxia to cell causes failure of the Na-K pump,
causing accumulation of intracellular sodium,
oncosis, and eventual cell death. Cell death releases
Rhabdomyolysis
enzymes such as CK, uric acid, LDH, AST, etc.
C.M. Causes: trauma, hyperthermia, crush injuries,
severe dehydration; s/s: CK is 5x upper normal limit,
muscle pain, weakness, dark, reddish-brown urine,
hypercalcemia, renal failure
Alpha Fetoprotein Origin Liver and germ cell tumors
Carcinoembryonic GI, pancreas, lung, breast tumors
Antigen
Prostate Specific Antigen prostate tumors
Carcino- from epithelial tissue- renal cell carcinoma
Sarco- from connective tissue- chondrosarcoma
preinvasive epithelial malignant tumors of glandular
Carcinoma in situ
or squamous cells- cervix
Lung ca metastasis Multiple organs including brain
Solutions For Every Question
Save
Terms in this set (477)
E. Cells decrease in size
P. Still functional; imbalance between protein
synthesis and degradation. Essentially there is an
increase in the catabolism of intracellular
Atrophy organelles, reducing structural components of cell
Physiologic: thymus gland in early childhood
Pathological: disuse (muscle atrophy d/ decrease
workload, pressure, use, blood supply, nutrition,
hormonal stimulation, or nervous stimulation)
E: cells increase in number, mitosis (cell division)
must occur, size of cell does not change
Phys: increased rate of division, increase in tissue
mass after damage or partial resection; may be
compensatory, hormonal, or pathologic
Patho: abnormal proliferation of normal cells usually
Hyperplasia
caused by increased hormonal stimulation
(endometrial). increase of production of local
growth factors
Ex: removal of part of the liver lead to hyperplasia
of hepatocytes. uterine or mammary gland
enlargement during pregnancy
, E. Not true adaptation; Cells abnormal change in
size, shape, organization (classified as mild,
moderate, severe)
P. caused by cell injury/irritation, characterized by
disordered cell growth. aka atypical hyperplasia or
pre-cancer, a disorderly proliferation
Dysplasia
Physiologic: N/A
Pathologic: squamous dysplasia of cervix from HPV
shows up on pap smear, breast cancer
development; pap smears often show dysplastic
cells of the cervix that must undergo laser/surgical
tx
E: reversible change, one type of cell changes to
another type for survival
P: reversible; results from exposure of the cells to
chronic stressors, injury, or irritation; Cancer can
arise from this area, stimulus induces a
reprogramming of stem cells under the influence of
cytokines and growth factors
Metaplasia
Ex: Patho: Columnar cells change to squamous cells
in lungs of smoker or normal ciliated epithelial cells
of the bronchial linings are replaced by stratified
squamous epithelial cells.; Phys: Barrett Esophagus-
normal squamous cells change to columnar
epithelial cells in response to reflux, aka intestinal
metaplasia
E. inadequate oxygenation of tissues
P. decrease in mitochondrial function, decreased
production of ATP increases anaerobic metabolism.
Hypoxia injury
eventual cell death.
C.M. hypoxia, cyanosis, cognitive impairment,
lethargy
, E. normal byproduct of ATP production, will
overwhelm the mitochondria- exhaust intracellular
antioxidants
Free radical and ROS P. lipid peroxidation, damage proteins, fragment
DNA
C.M. development in Alzheimer's, heart disease,
Parkinson's disease, Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis
E. mood altering drug, long term effects on liver
and nutritional status
P. metabolized by liver, generates free radicals
Ethanol C.M. CNS depression, nutrient deficiencies-Mag, Vit
B6, thiamine, PO4, inflammation and fatty infiltration
of liver, hepatomegaly, leads to liver failure
irreversible
Na and H2O enter cell and cause swelling. Organ
increases in weight, becomes distended and pale.
Oncosis
Associated with high fever, hypocalcemia, certain
infections
intracellular accumulation of lipids in the liver
Fatty Infiltration liver fails to metabolize lipids. usually from ETOH or
high fat diet. can lead to cirrhosis
accumulation of Ca in dead or dying tissues
calcium salt clump and harden- interfere with
dystrophic calcification cellular structure and function
r/t pulmonary TB, atherosclerosis, injured heart
valves, chronic pancreatitis
accumulation of Ca in normal tissue
result of hypercalcemia r/t hyperparathyroidism,
metastatic calcification
hyperthyroidism, toxic levels of Vit D. Can also r/t
hyperphosphatemia in renal failure
sodium urate crystals are deposited in tissues-
urate accumulation group of disorders collectively called gout- acute
arthritis, chronic gouty arthritis, tophus, nephritis
Coagulative Necrosis kidneys, heart, adrenals- secondary to hypoxia
Liquefactive Necrosis nerve cells- brain- accumulation of pus
, lung disease- usually TB- tissue looks like clumped
Caseous Necrosis
cheese
breast, pancreas, abdominal structures- creates
Fat Necrosis
soaps
Dry- dark shriveled skin
Wet- internal organs- can lead to death
Gangrenous Necrosis
Gas- from clostridium- antitoxins and hyperbaric
therapy
E. disturbances in serum urate levels. uncommon for
< 30 years old.
P. uric acid is deposited in the tissues of kidney,
Gout heart, earlobes, and joints.
C.M. inflammation, painful joints. result of diuretic
use or diet high in cream sauces, red wine, or red
meat
E. cell hypoxia caused by severe muscle trauma,
hyperthermia, crush injuries, or severe dehydration
P. hypoxia to cell causes failure of the Na-K pump,
causing accumulation of intracellular sodium,
oncosis, and eventual cell death. Cell death releases
Rhabdomyolysis
enzymes such as CK, uric acid, LDH, AST, etc.
C.M. Causes: trauma, hyperthermia, crush injuries,
severe dehydration; s/s: CK is 5x upper normal limit,
muscle pain, weakness, dark, reddish-brown urine,
hypercalcemia, renal failure
Alpha Fetoprotein Origin Liver and germ cell tumors
Carcinoembryonic GI, pancreas, lung, breast tumors
Antigen
Prostate Specific Antigen prostate tumors
Carcino- from epithelial tissue- renal cell carcinoma
Sarco- from connective tissue- chondrosarcoma
preinvasive epithelial malignant tumors of glandular
Carcinoma in situ
or squamous cells- cervix
Lung ca metastasis Multiple organs including brain
