JMU BIO 357 Exam 2 Questions and Answers 100% Solved

JMU BIO 357 Exam 2

Ecological Zones - answer1) Littoral/Coastal Zones
- Coastal Vegetation Zone
2) Arid Lowlands
- Arid Vegetation Zone
- Transition Vegetation Zone
3) Moist Uplands (only on some islands)
- Scalesia Vegetation Zone
- Zanthoxylum (Brown) Vegetation Zone
- Miconia Vegetation Zone
- Fern-Sedge (Pampa) Vegetation Zone

Vegetation Zones - answer1) Coastal
2) Arid
3) Transition
4) Scalesia
5) Brown Zone (Santa Cruz & Pinta)
6) Miconia (Santa Cruz & San Cristobal)
7) Pampa

(all 7 only found on Santa Cruz)

Climactic-Vegetation Zones - answer- more general scheme
- Most islands too low to have anything above 2

1) Littoral
2) Dry
3) Transition (only on Santa Cruz)
- deciduous & evergreen trees.
- many plants from bordering zones, but in less frequency
4) Humid
5) High-Altitude Dry

Littoral (Coastal) Ecological Zone - answer- includes shoreline plants that can live in
salt-rich environments and submerged in water
- likely developed adaptations (water dispersal)
- few endemic species

Arid Lowlands Ecological Zone - answer- most extensive vegetation zone
- many are succulent (retain water), lose leaves in cool season
- many endemics

, Moist Uplands Ecological Zone - answer- Santa Cruz: Scalesia, Brown, Miconia, &
Pampa Zone
- Other islands: Humid & High-Altitude Dry climactic zone

Scalesia Vegetation Zone - answer- Moist Uplands Ecological Zone
- Humid Climactic Zone (only 7/13 major islands)
- dominated by Scalesia pendunculata
- Scalesia forests on Floreana, San Cristobal, & Santiago
- Fernandina: scalesia forests dominated by Scalesia microcephala var. microcephala
- shrubs, herbs, & epiphytes (plants that grow on other plants) well represented

Isabela Scalesia Zone - answer- Scalesia microcephala var. microcephala on Volcan
Alcedo and Volcan Darwin
- Scalesia microcephala var. cordifolia on Volcan Ecuador and
Volcan Wolf
- Scalesia cordata on Volcan Sierra Negra and Volcan Cerro Azul

Zanthoxylum (Brown) Vegetation Zone - answer- dominated by small evergreen tree
Zanthoxylum fagara (Rutaceae)
- cat's claw (native)
- shrubs, herbs, & epiphytes also abndant

Miconia Vegetation Zone - answer- only on Santa Cruz & San Cristobal
- almost entirely of Miconia robinsoniana (Melastomataceae)
- very reduced from burning, invasive species, agriculture
- herbs and ferns also present

Fern-Sedge (Pampa) Vegetation Zone - answer- Moist Uplands Ecological Zone
- High-Altitude Dry Climactic Zone
- club mosses, ferns, sedges, & grass (no trees)
- constantly wet in cool seasons
- tallest plant = giant tree fern

Pollination Biology - answer- very few pollinators on the island (1 bee species)
- Xylocopa darwini (Galapagos carpenter bee)
- other visitors: butterflies, moths, beetles, roaches, flies, syrphid flies, birds, lava
lizards.
- flowering plants:
- small flowers
- white or yellow
- produce little pollen, nectar, & fragrance
- self compatible/pollinators when outcross not available
- Clerodendrum molle (Verbenaceae)

Pollination Hypothesis - answerThe importaterm-27nce of nocturnal pollinators will
exceed that of diurnal pollinators due to extreme aridity.