age 1 of 53
NR 602 FINAL EXAM 2025 PREP/VERIFIED QUESTIONS
AND ANSWERS GRADED A+
primary dysmenorrhea ......ANSWER........- release of
prostaglandins during ovulatory cycles and produces painful
menstruation (more flow=more pain)(no ovulation, no pain)
-Sx within 48 hours
- Tx: NSAIDs
secondary dymenorrhea ......ANSWER........- R/t structual changes
(endometriosis, PCOS, fibroids, inflammatory disease)
PCOS (Stein-Leventhal syndrome) ......ANSWER........-persistent
anovulation
-sx: obesity, anovulatory cycles, ovarian cysts,
hyperandrogenism, male-pattern baldness, acne, high insulin
levels, insulin resistance, menstrual irregularities, high LH, low
FSH, secondary amenorrhea, infertility, obesity
- Cause: ? genetics.
- Tx: wt loss, OCPs, spironolactone, metformin (as DM
preventative & improve fertility). Clomiphene citrate (estrogen
receptor modulator), or human menopausal gonadotropin to
produce ovulation(when desiring pregnancy)
,age 2 of 53
Bartholin's cysts ......ANSWER........- 2 glands provide lubrication
during sex, 8-10mm in size, not normally palpable
- sx: dyspareunia, pain,
-tx: if chronic, may require surgery, noninfectious: sitz bath,
needle-aspiration. may resolve spontaneously
- chlamydia, gonorrhea, staph,
Fibroadenoma ......ANSWER........- most common benign breast
tumor
-circumscribed lesion, solid, non-cancerous, painless, slow-
growing, hormone dependent, regress after menopause,
relatively moveable, non-tender
-proliferating glandular and connective elements
-giant lumps may occur
- 15-35yo
-Dx: Core biopsy or excision (definitive dx). cryoablation after
dx.
- does not increase risk for brease CA
,age 3 of 53
fibrocystic breast disease ......ANSWER........-numerous small sacs
of fluid surrounded by dense strands of fibrous tissue in the
breast
- >50% of women have
- -tx: avoid caffeine, supportive bra, low-fat diet, evening
primrose oil, NSAIDs/APAP, tamoxifen if severe
Fat necrosis of the breast ......ANSWER........- necrotic fat cells
with lipid-filled macrophages and neutrophils
- Sx: skin/nipple retraction, mass that is indistinguishable from
cancer, tenderness (sometimes)
- mass ususally resolves after several weeks w/o treatment- if
not, need biopsy
- r/t trauma/surgery of breast
Breast cancer ......ANSWER........-risk: family hx, white,
nulliparous, first pregnancy after 30yo, early menarche (before
12), late menopause (after 50),
- Sx: painless, firm mass with poorly delineated margins, itching,
retraction, dimpling of skin,
- sx of advanced tumor: large mass, nodularity, edema, redness,
skin ulceration, fixation to chest wall, breast size change,
axillary lymphadenopathy that are fixed
, age 4 of 53
- Tumor grading: TNM (1-3pts each)- 3-5pts= low grade, well-
differentiated, 6-7= intermediate, 8-9= high grade, poor
differentiated cells
- surgery done 1-2 weeks after biopsy
- ER + tumors= mets to bone, soft tissue & genital organs. ER -=
mets to liver, lung, and brain
Paget's disease of the breast ......ANSWER........- Eczematoid
eruption and ulceration from the nipple. may spread to areola
- associated with underlying cancer
- uncommon
Mammography ......ANSWER........- screening to begin 40, no
later than 50.
- done every 1-2 years
- continue until age 75
STDs ......ANSWER........-Chlamydia: purulent discharge, red,
congested cervix, urethritis, salpingitis, UTI sx,(Tx: azithromycin).
NAAT test
-Trich: Foamy, greenish-white discharge, strawberry-like
appearance covers the endocervix and may extend to vaginal
NR 602 FINAL EXAM 2025 PREP/VERIFIED QUESTIONS
AND ANSWERS GRADED A+
primary dysmenorrhea ......ANSWER........- release of
prostaglandins during ovulatory cycles and produces painful
menstruation (more flow=more pain)(no ovulation, no pain)
-Sx within 48 hours
- Tx: NSAIDs
secondary dymenorrhea ......ANSWER........- R/t structual changes
(endometriosis, PCOS, fibroids, inflammatory disease)
PCOS (Stein-Leventhal syndrome) ......ANSWER........-persistent
anovulation
-sx: obesity, anovulatory cycles, ovarian cysts,
hyperandrogenism, male-pattern baldness, acne, high insulin
levels, insulin resistance, menstrual irregularities, high LH, low
FSH, secondary amenorrhea, infertility, obesity
- Cause: ? genetics.
- Tx: wt loss, OCPs, spironolactone, metformin (as DM
preventative & improve fertility). Clomiphene citrate (estrogen
receptor modulator), or human menopausal gonadotropin to
produce ovulation(when desiring pregnancy)
,age 2 of 53
Bartholin's cysts ......ANSWER........- 2 glands provide lubrication
during sex, 8-10mm in size, not normally palpable
- sx: dyspareunia, pain,
-tx: if chronic, may require surgery, noninfectious: sitz bath,
needle-aspiration. may resolve spontaneously
- chlamydia, gonorrhea, staph,
Fibroadenoma ......ANSWER........- most common benign breast
tumor
-circumscribed lesion, solid, non-cancerous, painless, slow-
growing, hormone dependent, regress after menopause,
relatively moveable, non-tender
-proliferating glandular and connective elements
-giant lumps may occur
- 15-35yo
-Dx: Core biopsy or excision (definitive dx). cryoablation after
dx.
- does not increase risk for brease CA
,age 3 of 53
fibrocystic breast disease ......ANSWER........-numerous small sacs
of fluid surrounded by dense strands of fibrous tissue in the
breast
- >50% of women have
- -tx: avoid caffeine, supportive bra, low-fat diet, evening
primrose oil, NSAIDs/APAP, tamoxifen if severe
Fat necrosis of the breast ......ANSWER........- necrotic fat cells
with lipid-filled macrophages and neutrophils
- Sx: skin/nipple retraction, mass that is indistinguishable from
cancer, tenderness (sometimes)
- mass ususally resolves after several weeks w/o treatment- if
not, need biopsy
- r/t trauma/surgery of breast
Breast cancer ......ANSWER........-risk: family hx, white,
nulliparous, first pregnancy after 30yo, early menarche (before
12), late menopause (after 50),
- Sx: painless, firm mass with poorly delineated margins, itching,
retraction, dimpling of skin,
- sx of advanced tumor: large mass, nodularity, edema, redness,
skin ulceration, fixation to chest wall, breast size change,
axillary lymphadenopathy that are fixed
, age 4 of 53
- Tumor grading: TNM (1-3pts each)- 3-5pts= low grade, well-
differentiated, 6-7= intermediate, 8-9= high grade, poor
differentiated cells
- surgery done 1-2 weeks after biopsy
- ER + tumors= mets to bone, soft tissue & genital organs. ER -=
mets to liver, lung, and brain
Paget's disease of the breast ......ANSWER........- Eczematoid
eruption and ulceration from the nipple. may spread to areola
- associated with underlying cancer
- uncommon
Mammography ......ANSWER........- screening to begin 40, no
later than 50.
- done every 1-2 years
- continue until age 75
STDs ......ANSWER........-Chlamydia: purulent discharge, red,
congested cervix, urethritis, salpingitis, UTI sx,(Tx: azithromycin).
NAAT test
-Trich: Foamy, greenish-white discharge, strawberry-like
appearance covers the endocervix and may extend to vaginal
