ACCESS Test Bank for Sociology in Modules 6th Edition Schaefer
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Chapter 1: Understanding Sociology
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Chapter Outline
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Modulej1:jWhatjIsjSociology? Modulej4:jTakingjSociologyjwithjYoujAppl
ThejSociologicaljImaginationjSociol iedjandjClinicaljSociologyjDevelopingjajSoc
ogyjandjthejSocialjSciencesjSociolog iologicaljImagination
yjandjCommonjSensejWhatjIsjSociol
ogicaljTheory? Boxes
ResearchjToday,j“ThejThirdjPlace”
Modulej2:jThejDevelopmentjofjSociology ResearchjToday,j“LookingjatjSportsjf
EarlyjThinkersjÉ romjFivejSociologicaljPerspectives”
SociologyjinjthejGlobaljCommunity,j“Influe
milejDurkheimj
ncersjWorldwide”
MaxjWeberj Karl
jMarx
Appendix:jCareersjinjSociology
W.jE.jB.jDuBois
Twentieth-CenturyjDevelopments
Modulej3:jMajorjTheoreticaljPerspective
s
FunctionalistjPerspectivejCo
nflictjPerspectivejInteractioni
stjPerspectivejThejSociologic
aljApproach
Learning Objectives
j What’s New in Chapter 1
j j j j
Explainjthejsociologicaljimaginationja Chapter-
ndjthejcharacteristicsjofjsociologyjas openingjphotojillustratingjenviron
mentaljcleanup.
IMj–j1j|j1
Copyrightj©j2023jMcGrawjHilljLLC.jAlljrightsjreserved.
NojreproductionjorjdistributionjwithoutjthejpriorjwrittenjconsentjofjMcGrawjHilljLLC.
mynursytest.store
,ACCESS Test Bank for Sociology in Modules 6th Edition Schaefer
j j j j j j j j j
ajdiscipline. Chapter-openingjvignettejaboutjlow-
Differentiatejthejnaturaljsciences,js jwagejworkersjinjthejaffluentjSiliconj
ocialjsciences,jandjsociology. Valley.
Distinguishjsociologyjfromjcom Extensivejdiscussionjofjhowjdifferentjs
monsensejknowledgejaboutjsoci ocialjsciencesjwouldjaddressjthejissuej
ety. ofjclimatejchange.
Explainjthejcharacteristicsjofjs Cartoonjillustratingjwhyjdifferentj
ociologicaljtheory. peoplejhavejdifferentjattitudesjtojcl
Summarizejthejcontributionsjofjthej imatejchange.
majorjfiguresjinjthejhistoryjofjsociol “ThinkingjCritically”jquestionjaboutj
ogyjfromjAugustejComtejon. Marx’sjinfluencejonjcurrentjthinking.
Distinguishjmacrosociologyjandj Photojillustratingjanjinteractionistjstud
microsociology. yjofjnewjpatternsjofjfacialjcoveringsjandj
Summarizejthejcharacteristicsjofjeachjo socialjdistancingjduringjthejcoronavirus
fjthejthreejmajorjtheoreticaljperspectiv jpandemic.
esjinjsociology:jfunctionalist,jconflict,j ResearchjTodayjbox,j“ThejThirdjP
andjinteractionist. lace.”
Describejthejobjectivesjofjappliedjs Examplejhighlighting.
ociologyjandjclinicaljsociology. Malejversusjfemalejacceptablej
Employjthejsociologicaljimaginationjt behaviorjonjthejtennisjcourt.
ojaddressjthejissuesjsuchjasjglobalizati Examplejandjphotojhighlightingjhowjc
on,jsocialjinequality,jrace,jgender,jandj onflictjtheoryjfocusesjonjissuesjofjlong-
religion. termjsocialjandjracialjinequality.
SociologyjinjthejGlobaljCommunityjb
ox:j“InfluencersjWorldwide.”
Chapter Summary
j
Sociologyjisjthejscientificjstudyjofjsocialjbehaviorjandjhumanjgroups.jInjattemptingjtojunderstandjs
ocialjpatternsjofjbehavior,jsociologistsjrelyjonjajuniquejtypejofjcriticaljthinkingjreferredjtojbyjC.jWri
ghtjMillsjasjthejsociologicaljimagination.jAjkeyjelementjofjthejsociologicaljimaginationjisjhavingja
njawarenessjofjthejrelationshipjbetweenjanjindividualjandjthejwiderjsociety.
Sociology,jalongjwithjanthropology,jpsychology,jeconomics,jhistory,jandjpoliticaljscience,jisjajsoc
ialjscience,jdefinedjasjthejstudyjofjthejsocialjfeaturesjofjhumansjandjthejwayjtheyjinteractjandjchang
e.jSociologistsjstudyjthejinfluencejthatjsocietyjhasjonjpeople’sjattitudesjandjbehaviorjandjthejwaysji
njwhichjpeoplejinteractjandjshapejsociety.jIsjsociologyjajscience?jScience,jasjajdiscipline,jrepresent
sjthejbodyjofjknowledgejobtainedjbyjmethodsjbasedjonjsystematicjobservation.jSociologyjisjextrem
elyjbroadjinjscopejandjencompassesjajnumberjofjsubstantivejtopicsjrangingjfromjagingjandjthejlifejc
oursejtojcrime,jeducation,jhealth,jreligion,jandjsexuality.jUnlikejcommonjsense,jsociologicaljdataja
rejempirical,jmeaningjthatjsociologistsjrelyjonjscientificjstudiesjinjorderjtojdescribejandjunderstandj
ajsocialjenvironment.jCommonjsense,jonjthejotherjhand,jisjbasedjonjconventionaljwisdom,jwhich,ja
sjwejknow,jisjoftenjinaccurate
IMj–j1j|j2
Copyrightj©j2023jMcGrawjHilljLLC.jAlljrightsjreserved.
NojreproductionjorjdistributionjwithoutjthejpriorjwrittenjconsentjofjMcGrawjHilljLLC.
mynursytest.store
, ACCESS Test Bank for Sociology in Modules 6th Edition Schaefer
j j j j j j j j j
andjunreliable.jNaturaljsciencejisjstudyjofjthejphysicaljfeaturesjofjnaturejandjthejwaysjtheyjinteractj
andjchange.
Sociologistsjusejtheoriesjtojhelpjexplainjevents,jforces,jideas,jorjbehaviorjinjajcomprehensivejmann
er.jAjtheoryjisjsimplyjajsetjofjstatementsjthatjseeksjtojexplainjproblems,jactions,jorjbehavior.jThejst
rongestjtheoriesjarejthosejthatjbothjexplainjandjpredict.jSociologistsjrelyjonjajvarietyjofjtheories,jea
chjwithjajdifferentjsetjofjassumptionsjandjajuniquejperspective.jSeveraljEuropeanjsocialjtheoristsjm
adejlong-
standingjcontributionsjtojthejdevelopmentjofjsociologyjandjtojsociologicaljtheory.jAugustejComtej
(1798–
1857)jcoinedjthejtermjsociologyjandjwasj onejofjthejfirstjtojsuggestjanjapplicationjofjscientificjprinci
plesjtojthejstudyjofjhumanjbehavior.jHarrietjMartineauj(1802–
1876),janjEnglishjsociologist,jisjknownjbothjforjherjtranslationsjof
Comte’sjwritingsjandjforjherjoriginaljstudiesjofjthejcustomsjandjsocialjpracticesjofjBritainjandjthejU
nitedjStates.jMartineau’sjwritingsjemphasizedjthejimpactjthatjthejeconomy,jlaw,jtrade,jhealth,jandj
populationjcouldjhavejonjsocialjproblems,jandjshejworkedjasjanjactivistjforjreligiousjandjgenderjrig
hts,jandjforjthejemancipationjofjenslavedjpeople.jOnejofjthejmostjcontroversialjsocialjtheoristsjofjth
ej19thjcenturyjwasjHerbertjSpencerj(1820–
1903).jDrawingjonjthejideasjofjCharlesjDarwin,jSpencerjarguedjthatjlikejanimals,jhumansjhavejvar
yingjlevelsjofjsocialjfitness,jandjthosejwhojarejthejmostjfitjwilljthrive,jwhilejthosejwhojarejlessjfitjwil
ljstrugglejandjeventuallyjdiejout.jHisjtheoriesjappealedjtojmanyjthroughoutjBritainjandjthejUnitedjS
tates,jespeciallyjthejpowerful,jwhojhadjajvestedjinterestjinjprotectingjthejstatusjquo.
ÉmilejDurkheimj(1858–
1917)jwasjonejofjthejfirstjappointedjprofessorsjofjsociologyjinjFrance.jDurkheimjwasjinterestedjinjt
hejprocessesjandjconsequencesjofjmodernization.jAccordingjtojDurkheim,jthejmodernizationjofjso
cietyjmayjleadjtojajconditionjknownjasj“anomie,”jorjnormlessness.jAnomiejisjexperiencedjwhenjso
cialjnormsjlosejtheirjeffectivenessjasjinstrumentsjofjcontrol.jThejinabilityjofjmodernjsocietiesjtojreg
ulatejorjcontroljbehaviorjmayjleadjtojhigherjlevelsjofjdeviance,jincludingjsuicide.jIndeed,jDurkhei
m’sjmostjwell-
knownjworkjexaminedjthejsocialjpatternsjunderlyingjsuicidejrates.jMaxjWeberj(1864–
1920),janotherjimportantjtheorist,jwasjwelljversedjinjmanyjsubjectjareasjincludingjhistory,jlaw,jand
jreligion.jWeberjmadejseveral jcontributionsjtojthejfieldjofjsociology, jincludingjthejconceptjofjverste
hen,jthejGermanjwordjforj“understanding”jorj“insight.”jWeberjarguedjthatjsocialjphenomenajcann
otjbejstudiedjusingjobjectivejcriteriajonly.jRather,jsociologistsjmustjunderstandjthejsubjectivejmea
ningsjhumanjactorsjattachjtojtheirjactionsjandjtojthingsjaroundjthem.jWeberjisjalsojknownjforjthejco
nceptjofjidealjtype.jAnjidealjtypejisjajconstructjbasedjonjpurejcharacteristics.jIdealjtypesjarejusedjinj
sociologyjforjunderstanding,jdescribing,jandjcomparing.
LikejSpencer,jKarljMarxj(1818–
1883)jisjajcontroversialjfigurejinjsociology,jalthoughjforjveryjdifferentjreasons.jMarxjwasjhighlyjcr
iticaljofjexistingjsocialjinstitutionsjandjtheirjtendencyjtojcreatejandjmaintainjthejstatusjquo.jHejwasj
especiallyjoutspokenjonjthejmatterjofjworkerjexploitationjbyjthejbourgeoisie.jTogetherjwithjhisjfrie
ndjandjcolleaguejFriedrichjEngels,jMarxjwrotejThejCommunistjManifesto,jajbriefjbutjcompellingjd
ocument,jurgingjthejworkingjclassj(orj“proletariat”)jtojoverthrowjthejclassjsystem.jBecausejofjhisjs
ubversivejwritings,jendorsementjofjmajorjsocialjchange,jandjinvolvementjwithjundergroundjorga
IMj–j1j|j3
Copyrightj©j2023jMcGrawjHilljLLC.jAlljrightsjreserved.
NojreproductionjorjdistributionjwithoutjthejpriorjwrittenjconsentjofjMcGrawjHilljLLC.
mynursytest.store
j j j j j j j j j
Chapter 1: Understanding Sociology
j j j
Chapter Outline
j
Modulej1:jWhatjIsjSociology? Modulej4:jTakingjSociologyjwithjYoujAppl
ThejSociologicaljImaginationjSociol iedjandjClinicaljSociologyjDevelopingjajSoc
ogyjandjthejSocialjSciencesjSociolog iologicaljImagination
yjandjCommonjSensejWhatjIsjSociol
ogicaljTheory? Boxes
ResearchjToday,j“ThejThirdjPlace”
Modulej2:jThejDevelopmentjofjSociology ResearchjToday,j“LookingjatjSportsjf
EarlyjThinkersjÉ romjFivejSociologicaljPerspectives”
SociologyjinjthejGlobaljCommunity,j“Influe
milejDurkheimj
ncersjWorldwide”
MaxjWeberj Karl
jMarx
Appendix:jCareersjinjSociology
W.jE.jB.jDuBois
Twentieth-CenturyjDevelopments
Modulej3:jMajorjTheoreticaljPerspective
s
FunctionalistjPerspectivejCo
nflictjPerspectivejInteractioni
stjPerspectivejThejSociologic
aljApproach
Learning Objectives
j What’s New in Chapter 1
j j j j
Explainjthejsociologicaljimaginationja Chapter-
ndjthejcharacteristicsjofjsociologyjas openingjphotojillustratingjenviron
mentaljcleanup.
IMj–j1j|j1
Copyrightj©j2023jMcGrawjHilljLLC.jAlljrightsjreserved.
NojreproductionjorjdistributionjwithoutjthejpriorjwrittenjconsentjofjMcGrawjHilljLLC.
mynursytest.store
,ACCESS Test Bank for Sociology in Modules 6th Edition Schaefer
j j j j j j j j j
ajdiscipline. Chapter-openingjvignettejaboutjlow-
Differentiatejthejnaturaljsciences,js jwagejworkersjinjthejaffluentjSiliconj
ocialjsciences,jandjsociology. Valley.
Distinguishjsociologyjfromjcom Extensivejdiscussionjofjhowjdifferentjs
monsensejknowledgejaboutjsoci ocialjsciencesjwouldjaddressjthejissuej
ety. ofjclimatejchange.
Explainjthejcharacteristicsjofjs Cartoonjillustratingjwhyjdifferentj
ociologicaljtheory. peoplejhavejdifferentjattitudesjtojcl
Summarizejthejcontributionsjofjthej imatejchange.
majorjfiguresjinjthejhistoryjofjsociol “ThinkingjCritically”jquestionjaboutj
ogyjfromjAugustejComtejon. Marx’sjinfluencejonjcurrentjthinking.
Distinguishjmacrosociologyjandj Photojillustratingjanjinteractionistjstud
microsociology. yjofjnewjpatternsjofjfacialjcoveringsjandj
Summarizejthejcharacteristicsjofjeachjo socialjdistancingjduringjthejcoronavirus
fjthejthreejmajorjtheoreticaljperspectiv jpandemic.
esjinjsociology:jfunctionalist,jconflict,j ResearchjTodayjbox,j“ThejThirdjP
andjinteractionist. lace.”
Describejthejobjectivesjofjappliedjs Examplejhighlighting.
ociologyjandjclinicaljsociology. Malejversusjfemalejacceptablej
Employjthejsociologicaljimaginationjt behaviorjonjthejtennisjcourt.
ojaddressjthejissuesjsuchjasjglobalizati Examplejandjphotojhighlightingjhowjc
on,jsocialjinequality,jrace,jgender,jandj onflictjtheoryjfocusesjonjissuesjofjlong-
religion. termjsocialjandjracialjinequality.
SociologyjinjthejGlobaljCommunityjb
ox:j“InfluencersjWorldwide.”
Chapter Summary
j
Sociologyjisjthejscientificjstudyjofjsocialjbehaviorjandjhumanjgroups.jInjattemptingjtojunderstandjs
ocialjpatternsjofjbehavior,jsociologistsjrelyjonjajuniquejtypejofjcriticaljthinkingjreferredjtojbyjC.jWri
ghtjMillsjasjthejsociologicaljimagination.jAjkeyjelementjofjthejsociologicaljimaginationjisjhavingja
njawarenessjofjthejrelationshipjbetweenjanjindividualjandjthejwiderjsociety.
Sociology,jalongjwithjanthropology,jpsychology,jeconomics,jhistory,jandjpoliticaljscience,jisjajsoc
ialjscience,jdefinedjasjthejstudyjofjthejsocialjfeaturesjofjhumansjandjthejwayjtheyjinteractjandjchang
e.jSociologistsjstudyjthejinfluencejthatjsocietyjhasjonjpeople’sjattitudesjandjbehaviorjandjthejwaysji
njwhichjpeoplejinteractjandjshapejsociety.jIsjsociologyjajscience?jScience,jasjajdiscipline,jrepresent
sjthejbodyjofjknowledgejobtainedjbyjmethodsjbasedjonjsystematicjobservation.jSociologyjisjextrem
elyjbroadjinjscopejandjencompassesjajnumberjofjsubstantivejtopicsjrangingjfromjagingjandjthejlifejc
oursejtojcrime,jeducation,jhealth,jreligion,jandjsexuality.jUnlikejcommonjsense,jsociologicaljdataja
rejempirical,jmeaningjthatjsociologistsjrelyjonjscientificjstudiesjinjorderjtojdescribejandjunderstandj
ajsocialjenvironment.jCommonjsense,jonjthejotherjhand,jisjbasedjonjconventionaljwisdom,jwhich,ja
sjwejknow,jisjoftenjinaccurate
IMj–j1j|j2
Copyrightj©j2023jMcGrawjHilljLLC.jAlljrightsjreserved.
NojreproductionjorjdistributionjwithoutjthejpriorjwrittenjconsentjofjMcGrawjHilljLLC.
mynursytest.store
, ACCESS Test Bank for Sociology in Modules 6th Edition Schaefer
j j j j j j j j j
andjunreliable.jNaturaljsciencejisjstudyjofjthejphysicaljfeaturesjofjnaturejandjthejwaysjtheyjinteractj
andjchange.
Sociologistsjusejtheoriesjtojhelpjexplainjevents,jforces,jideas,jorjbehaviorjinjajcomprehensivejmann
er.jAjtheoryjisjsimplyjajsetjofjstatementsjthatjseeksjtojexplainjproblems,jactions,jorjbehavior.jThejst
rongestjtheoriesjarejthosejthatjbothjexplainjandjpredict.jSociologistsjrelyjonjajvarietyjofjtheories,jea
chjwithjajdifferentjsetjofjassumptionsjandjajuniquejperspective.jSeveraljEuropeanjsocialjtheoristsjm
adejlong-
standingjcontributionsjtojthejdevelopmentjofjsociologyjandjtojsociologicaljtheory.jAugustejComtej
(1798–
1857)jcoinedjthejtermjsociologyjandjwasj onejofjthejfirstjtojsuggestjanjapplicationjofjscientificjprinci
plesjtojthejstudyjofjhumanjbehavior.jHarrietjMartineauj(1802–
1876),janjEnglishjsociologist,jisjknownjbothjforjherjtranslationsjof
Comte’sjwritingsjandjforjherjoriginaljstudiesjofjthejcustomsjandjsocialjpracticesjofjBritainjandjthejU
nitedjStates.jMartineau’sjwritingsjemphasizedjthejimpactjthatjthejeconomy,jlaw,jtrade,jhealth,jandj
populationjcouldjhavejonjsocialjproblems,jandjshejworkedjasjanjactivistjforjreligiousjandjgenderjrig
hts,jandjforjthejemancipationjofjenslavedjpeople.jOnejofjthejmostjcontroversialjsocialjtheoristsjofjth
ej19thjcenturyjwasjHerbertjSpencerj(1820–
1903).jDrawingjonjthejideasjofjCharlesjDarwin,jSpencerjarguedjthatjlikejanimals,jhumansjhavejvar
yingjlevelsjofjsocialjfitness,jandjthosejwhojarejthejmostjfitjwilljthrive,jwhilejthosejwhojarejlessjfitjwil
ljstrugglejandjeventuallyjdiejout.jHisjtheoriesjappealedjtojmanyjthroughoutjBritainjandjthejUnitedjS
tates,jespeciallyjthejpowerful,jwhojhadjajvestedjinterestjinjprotectingjthejstatusjquo.
ÉmilejDurkheimj(1858–
1917)jwasjonejofjthejfirstjappointedjprofessorsjofjsociologyjinjFrance.jDurkheimjwasjinterestedjinjt
hejprocessesjandjconsequencesjofjmodernization.jAccordingjtojDurkheim,jthejmodernizationjofjso
cietyjmayjleadjtojajconditionjknownjasj“anomie,”jorjnormlessness.jAnomiejisjexperiencedjwhenjso
cialjnormsjlosejtheirjeffectivenessjasjinstrumentsjofjcontrol.jThejinabilityjofjmodernjsocietiesjtojreg
ulatejorjcontroljbehaviorjmayjleadjtojhigherjlevelsjofjdeviance,jincludingjsuicide.jIndeed,jDurkhei
m’sjmostjwell-
knownjworkjexaminedjthejsocialjpatternsjunderlyingjsuicidejrates.jMaxjWeberj(1864–
1920),janotherjimportantjtheorist,jwasjwelljversedjinjmanyjsubjectjareasjincludingjhistory,jlaw,jand
jreligion.jWeberjmadejseveral jcontributionsjtojthejfieldjofjsociology, jincludingjthejconceptjofjverste
hen,jthejGermanjwordjforj“understanding”jorj“insight.”jWeberjarguedjthatjsocialjphenomenajcann
otjbejstudiedjusingjobjectivejcriteriajonly.jRather,jsociologistsjmustjunderstandjthejsubjectivejmea
ningsjhumanjactorsjattachjtojtheirjactionsjandjtojthingsjaroundjthem.jWeberjisjalsojknownjforjthejco
nceptjofjidealjtype.jAnjidealjtypejisjajconstructjbasedjonjpurejcharacteristics.jIdealjtypesjarejusedjinj
sociologyjforjunderstanding,jdescribing,jandjcomparing.
LikejSpencer,jKarljMarxj(1818–
1883)jisjajcontroversialjfigurejinjsociology,jalthoughjforjveryjdifferentjreasons.jMarxjwasjhighlyjcr
iticaljofjexistingjsocialjinstitutionsjandjtheirjtendencyjtojcreatejandjmaintainjthejstatusjquo.jHejwasj
especiallyjoutspokenjonjthejmatterjofjworkerjexploitationjbyjthejbourgeoisie.jTogetherjwithjhisjfrie
ndjandjcolleaguejFriedrichjEngels,jMarxjwrotejThejCommunistjManifesto,jajbriefjbutjcompellingjd
ocument,jurgingjthejworkingjclassj(orj“proletariat”)jtojoverthrowjthejclassjsystem.jBecausejofjhisjs
ubversivejwritings,jendorsementjofjmajorjsocialjchange,jandjinvolvementjwithjundergroundjorga
IMj–j1j|j3
Copyrightj©j2023jMcGrawjHilljLLC.jAlljrightsjreserved.
NojreproductionjorjdistributionjwithoutjthejpriorjwrittenjconsentjofjMcGrawjHilljLLC.
mynursytest.store
