CAMPBELL BIOLOGY CHAPTER 5 EXAM QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS

CAMPBELL BIOLOGY CHAPTER 5 EXAM QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS macromolecules - answer- A giant molecule in a living organism formed by the joining of smaller molecules: a protein, carbohydrate, or nucleic acid. polymer - answer- a long molecule consisting of many similar or identical building blocks linked by covalent bonds monomers - answer- repeating units that serve as the building blocks of a polymer enzymes - answer- specialized macromolecules that speed up chemical reactions in cells dehydration reaction - answer- A chemical reaction in which two molecules covalently bond to each other with the removal of a water molecule. hydrolysis - answer- A chemical reaction that breaks bonds between two molecules by the addition of water; functions in disassembly of polymers to monomers. carbohydrates - answer- Organic compounds composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in a ratio of one carbon atom to two hydrogen atoms to one oxygen atom. They exist as monosaccharides, disaccharides, and polysaccharides. monosaccharides - answer- The simplest carbohydrate, active alone or serving as a monomer for disaccharides and polysaccharides. Also known as simple sugars, the molecular formulas of are generally some multiple of CH2O. aldose - answer- a monosaccharide sugar that contains the aldehyde group or is hemiacetal ketose - answer- any monosaccharide sugar that contains a ketone group or its hemiacetal disaccharide - answer- any of a variety of carbohydrates that yield two monosaccharide molecules on complete hydrolysis glycosidic linkage - answer- A covalent bond formed between two monosaccharides by a dehydration reaction. - sucrose, glucose polysaccharides - answer- macromolecules, polymers with a few hundred to a few thousand monosaccharides joined by glycosidic linkages - starch, cellulose starch - answer- A storage polysaccharide in plants consisting entirely of glucose. glycogen - answer- an extensively branched glucose storage polysaccharide found in the liver and muscle of animals; the animal equivalent of starch cellulose - answer- a structural polysaccharide of plant cell walls, consisting of glucose monomers joined by β glycosidic linkages. chitin - answer- complex carbohydrate that makes up the cell walls of fungi; also found in the external skeletons of arthropods lipids - answer- Large, non-polar organic molecules which do not dissolve in water. - fats, phospholipids, steroids, waxes. fat - answer- organic compound consisting of a three-carbon backbone (glycerol) attached to three fatty acids fatty acids - answer- A long carbon chain carboxylic acid. Fatty acids vary in length and in the number and location of double bonds; three fatty acids linked to a glycerol molecule form fat. triacylglycerol - answer- three fatty acids linked to one glycerol molecule; also called a fat or a triglyceride. saturated fatty acid - answer- A fatty acid in which all carbons in the hydrocarbon tail are connected by single bonds, thus maximizing the number of hydrogen atoms that can attach to the carbon skeleton. unsaturated fatty acid - answer- a fatty acid whose carbon chain can absorb additional hydrogen atoms trans fats - answer- made by hydrogenating unsaturated fats, considered "bad fats"; can lead to clogged arteries phospholipids - answer- A molecule that is a constituent of the inner bilayer of biological membranes, having a polar, hydrophilic head and a nonpolar, hydrophobic tail. steroids - answer- lipids characterized by a carbon skeleton consisting of four fused rings cholesterol - answer- A steroid that forms an essential component of animal cell membranes and acts as a precursor molecule for the synthesis of other biologically important steroids. catalyst - answer- substance that speeds up the rate of a chemical reaction polypeptide - answer- hundreds of amino acids bonded together in a long chain, sequence of amino acids determines protein protein - answer- A functional biological molecule consisting of one or more polypeptides folded and coiled into a specific three-dimensional structure. enzymatic proteins - answer- selective acceleration of chemical reactions ex. digestive enzymes