🔦 CHAPTER: LIGHT – REFLECTION AND
REFRACTION
1. Reflection of Light
Law of Reflection:
o (i) Angle of incidence = Angle of reflection
o (ii) Incident ray, reflected ray, and normal lie in the same
plane.
Image by Plane Mirror:
o Virtual and erect
o Same size as the object
o Laterally inverted
o Distance of image = Distance of object from mirror
2. Spherical Mirrors
Types:
o Concave mirror: Converging mirror
o Convex mirror: Diverging mirror
Important Terms:
o Pole (P): Center of mirror’s surface
o Center of curvature (C): Center of the sphere
o Principal axis: Line joining P and C
o Focus (F): Point where reflected rays meet or appear to meet
o Focal length (f): Distance between P and F (f = ½ R)
Mirror Formula:
1 1 1
= +
f v u
(Sign convention: all distances measured from pole)
Magnification (m):
REFRACTION
1. Reflection of Light
Law of Reflection:
o (i) Angle of incidence = Angle of reflection
o (ii) Incident ray, reflected ray, and normal lie in the same
plane.
Image by Plane Mirror:
o Virtual and erect
o Same size as the object
o Laterally inverted
o Distance of image = Distance of object from mirror
2. Spherical Mirrors
Types:
o Concave mirror: Converging mirror
o Convex mirror: Diverging mirror
Important Terms:
o Pole (P): Center of mirror’s surface
o Center of curvature (C): Center of the sphere
o Principal axis: Line joining P and C
o Focus (F): Point where reflected rays meet or appear to meet
o Focal length (f): Distance between P and F (f = ½ R)
Mirror Formula:
1 1 1
= +
f v u
(Sign convention: all distances measured from pole)
Magnification (m):
