Campbell Biology Chapter 6 Exam Answered

Campbell Biology Chapter 6 Exam Answered Organelle - Answer- A tiny cell structure that carries out a specific function within the cell Cytosol - Answer- A semifluid, jellylike substance inside all cells. Eukaryotic cell - Answer- A type of cell with a membrane-enclosed nucleus and membrane-enclosed organelles. Examples of organisms with these cells are protists, plants, fungi, and animals. Prokaryotic Cell - Answer- A type of cell lacking a membrane-enclosed nucleus and membrane-enclosed organelles; found only in the domains Bacteria and Archaea. Nucleoid - Answer- A dense region of DNA in a prokaryotic cell. Capsule - Answer- A sticky layer that surrounds the cell walls of some bacteria, protecting the cell surface and sometimes helping to glue the cell to surfaces. Cytoplasm - Answer- The interior of a cell. Plasma membrane - Answer- A selectively-permeable phospholipid bilayer forming the boundary of the cells Nucleus - Answer- A part of the cell containing DNA and RNA and responsible for growth and reproduction Nuclear envelope - Answer- A double membrane that surrounds the nucleus in the cell Nuclear lamina - Answer- A netlike array of protein filaments lining the inner surface of the nuclear envelope; it helps maintain the shape of the nucleus. Chromosomes - Answer- Structures that carry the genetic information. Chromatin - Answer- The complex of DNA and proteins making up chromosomes. Nucleolus - Answer- A specialized structure in the nucleus, formed from various chromosomes and active in the synthesis of ribosomes Ribosomal RNA - Answer- A nucleic acid found in all living cells. Plays a role in transferring information from dNA to the protein-forming system of the cell. Ribosomes - Answer- Complexes made of ribosomal RNA and protein that carry out protein synthesis. Free ribosomes - Answer- Ribosomes suspended in the cytosol. Bound ribosomes - Answer- Ribosomes attached to the outside of the endoplasmic reticulum or nuclear envelope. Endomembrane system - Answer- The collection of membranes inside and around a eukaryotic cell, related either through direct physical contact or by the transfer of membranous vesicles. Vesicle - Answer- A membrane bound sac that contains materials involved in transport of the cell. Rough endoplasmic reticulum - Answer- An endomembrane system covered with ribosomes where many proteins for transport are assembled. Smooth endoplasmic reticulum - Answer- An endomembrane system where lipids are synthesized, calcium levels are regulated, and toxic substances are broken down. Glycoproteins - Answer- A protein with one or more covalently attached carbohydrates. Transport vesicle - Answer- Tiny sac-like structures that are in transit from one part of the cell to another. Golgi apparatus - Answer- A system of membranes that modifies and packages proteins for export by the cell Lysosome - Answer- A membranous sac of hydrolytic enzymes that many eukaryotic cells use to digest macromolecules. Phagocytosis - Answer- A process which engulfs smaller organisms or food particles. Autophagy - Answer- A process in which cells recycle their own organic material through the use of hydrolytic enzymes. Vacuole - Answer- Large vesicles derived from the endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi apparatus. Food vacuoles - Answer- A membrane sac formed by phacogytosis; pinches off of the plasma membrane and encloses a food particle Contractile vacuoles - Answer- A membranous sac that helps move excess water out of the cell.