Campbell Biology Chapter 32 Exam Questions and Answers||A+ Solution guide(Verified)

Campbell Biology Chapter 32 Exam Questions and Answers||A+ Solution guide(Verified) animals - Answer- multicellular, heterotrophic eukaryotes with tissues developed from embryonic layers collagen - Answer- the most abundant structural protein that helds together the animal cells cleavage - Answer- The process of cytokinesis in animal cells, characterized by pinching of the plasma membrane; specifically, the succession of rapid cell divisions without growth during early embryonic development that converts the zygote into a ball of cells. blastula - Answer- The hollow ball of cells marking the end stage of cleavage during early embryonic development gastrulation - Answer- developmental process in which three distinct cell layers form in an embryo: the endoderm, mesoderm, and ectoderm gastrula - Answer- a stage of embryonic development characterized by the differentiation of the cells into the ectoderm and endoderm germ layers and by the formation of the archenteron larva - Answer- A free-living, sexually immature form in some animal life cycles that may differ from the adult in morphology, nutrition, and habitat. metamorphosis - Answer- the marked and rapid transformation of a larva into a juvenile, which resembles the adult but is not yet sexually mature. Hox genes - Answer- Series of genes that controls the differentiation of cells and tissues in an embryo choanoflagellets - Answer- closest living relatives to the animalia Ediacaran biota - Answer- An early group of soft-bodied, multicellular eukaryotes known from fossils that range in age from 565 million to 550 million years old. Cambrian explosion - Answer- A burst of evolutionary origins when most of the major body plans of animals appeared in a relatively brief time in geologic history; recorded in the fossil record about 535 to 525 million years ago. radial symmetry - Answer- body plan in which body parts repeat around the center of the body; characteristic of sea anemones and sea stars bilateral symmetry - Answer- body plan in which only a single, imaginary line can divide the body into two equal halves; characteristic of worms, arthropods, and chordates dorsal side - Answer- top side, back of an animal - the spine side, away from the abdomen ventral side - Answer- The underside, belly, or the lower body surface anterior end - Answer- the end of an animal that contains its head posterior end - Answer- the end of an animal that contains its tail cephalization - Answer- concentration of sense organs and nerve cells at the front of an animal's body (head and brain) sessile - Answer- describes an organism that remains attached to a surface for its entire life - radial animals planktonic - Answer- drifting passively with currents - radial animals Germ layers - Answer- ectoderm, endoderm, mesoderm ectoderm - Answer- The outermost of the three primary germ layers in animal embryos; gives rise to the outer covering and, in some phyla, the nervous system, inner ear, and lens of the eye endoderm - Answer- The innermost of the three primary germ layers in animal embryos; lines the archenteron and gives rise to the liver, pancreas, lungs, and the lining of the digestive tract archenteron - Answer- The endoderm-lined cavity, formed during gastrulation, that develops into the digestive tract of an animal. diploblastic - Answer- Term for animals with just two germ layers - the ectoderm and endoderm. Include Cnidarians and comb jellies. mesoderm - Answer- the middle germ layer that develops into muscle and bone and cartilage and blood and connective tissue triploblastic - Answer- Possessing three germ layers: the endoderm, mesoderm, and ectoderm. Most eumetazoans are triploblastic. body cavity - Answer- a fluid- or air-filled space between the digestive tract and the body wall coelom - Answer- body cavity coelomates - Answer- An animal that possesses a true coelom (a body cavity lined by tissue completely derived from mesoderm). - ex. earthworm pseudocoelomates - Answer- An animal whose body cavity is lined by tissue derived from mesoderm and endoderm. ex. round worm acoelomates - Answer- animals, such as flatworms, that do not have a body cavity Protostome development - Answer- Spiral and determinate cleavage, solid masses of mesoderm split and form coelom, mouth developes from blastopore. Deuterostome development - Answer- Radial and indeterminate cleavage, folds of archenteron form coelom, anus develops from blastopore. determinate cleavage - Answer- A type of embryonic development in protostomes that rigidly casts the developmental fate of each embryonic cell very early. indeterminate cleavage - Answer- A type of embryonic development in deuterostomes, in which each cell produced by early cleavage divisions retains the capacity to develop into a complete embryo. blastopore - Answer- in a gastrula, the opening of the archenteron that typically develops into the anus in deuterostomes and the mouth in protostomes.