NGR6141 Exam 3 Objectives
Questions With Complete Solutions
/.The Pericardium:
1) describe
2) 3 functions
3) name 2 layers - Answer-✅A double walled membrane sac that encloses the
epicardium, myocardium and the endocardium is called the
________________________.
It has 3 Functions:
1. Prevents displacement of heart during gravitational acceleration, deceleration
2. Acts as a physical barrier that protects the heart against infection and inflammation
from the lungs and plural space
3. Contains pain receptors and mechanoreceptors that can elicit reflex changes in B/P
and HR
C) Has 2 Layers:
1. Parietal - outer layers, surface layer of mesothelium over a thin layer of connective
tissue
2. Visceral (Epicardium) - inner layer
-Layers separated by pericardial cavity that contains 20ml of pericardial fluid
/.Be able to identify the location of the tricuspid, pulmonic, mitral, aortic valve and how
they function. What causes the valves to open and close? - Answer-✅- Valves open
and close due to pressure gradients
- Four Valves, two kinds of valves:
1. Atrioventricular Valves: one way flow of blood from atrium to ventricle
(a) Tricuspid - (has 3 cusps), Rt valve between the RA and RV
(b) Mitral - (bicuspid), found between LA and LV
2. Semilunar Valves: one way flow from ventricles to either the PA or to the Aorta
(a) Pulmonic - blood goes from RV to PA
- when this valve is open, the AV is closed
(b) Aortic - blood from LV goes into the Aorta
/.2a) Atrioventricular Valves: one way flow of blood from atrium to ventricle
(a) Tricuspid
(b) Mitral - Answer-✅2a) The _______________ valve has 3 cusps, and is located
between the RA and the RV
,2b) The __________________ valve has 2 leaflets and is found between LA and LV
/.a) Semilunar Valves:
b) Pulmonic
c) Aortic - Answer-✅a) Valves that allow one way flow from ventricles to either the PA
or to the Aorta are called the _______________________ valves. There are two kinds
called (b) and (c)
b) The _______________valve allows blood to go from RV to PA, when this valve is
open, the AV is closed
c) The_________________valve allows blood from LV to go into the Aorta
/."Atrial kick" - Answer-✅LA contraction [SYSTOLE] allows a significant INCREASE in
the amt of blood entering the LV at the end of its contraction [DIASTOLE]
/.A) Right Coronary Artery
(1) Conus branch
(2) Rt Marginal Branch
(3) Posterior Descending Artery (PDA) - Answer-✅A) The ______________
______________ ________________ originates from an ostium behind the aortic cusp
and travels behind the Pulm artery (PA), it extends around the right heart to the hearts'
posterior surface where it branches into the RA and RV area.
- Has three branches:
(1) The __________________ branch supplies blood to the RV.
(2) The ________________ ________________ branch crosses through the RV to the
apex
(3) The __________________ ___________________ Artery lies in the post
interventricular sulcus and supplies smaller branches to both ventricles
/.(1) Left Anterior Descending (LAD)
(2) Circumflex Artery (CX) - Answer-✅(1) The ____________ _________________
_____________ Artery delivers blood to the LA and RV and much of the Septum. It
, originates from a single ostium behind the left cusp of the AV and it passes between the
LA appendage and the PA.
(2) The ___________________ Artery supplies the LA and the Lateral wall of the LV,
often branches into the posterior surface of the LA and LV Lateral wall.
/.Frank Starling Law - Answer-✅The _________________ ___________________ Law
is the volume of blood in the heart at the end of DIASTOLE (length of its muscle fibers)
that is directly r/t to the force of contraction during the next SYSTOLE.
- Myocardial stretch determines the force of myocardial contraction
- The more stretch = the more incr force of contraction
/.Know the major changes of aging related to the cardiovascular system - Answer-✅-
Myocardial and blood vessel stiffening
o r/t cross-linking of collagen
o increase in collagen
o disposition of Ca+
o change in elastin
o change in extracellular matrix
o reactive oxygen species
- Changes in neurogenic control over vascular tone
- Incr occurrence of atrial fibrillation
- Loss of exercise capacity
- Left LV hypertrophy and fibrosis
/.a) Atherosclerosis (define)
b) Cytokines
c) growth factors - Answer-✅_________________________________ is a form of
arteriosclerosis in which thickening and hardening of the vessel are caused by
accumulation of lipid-laden macrophages w/in the arterial wall, which leads to formation
of plaque.
- Inflamm disease that develops w/ elevated plasma cholesterol level
Progression:
- injury to endothelium
- Inflammation of endothelium - injury/inflamed endothelia cells can't make normal amts
of antithrombotic and vasodilating cytokines.
b) Numerous inflammatory ________________ are released.
Questions With Complete Solutions
/.The Pericardium:
1) describe
2) 3 functions
3) name 2 layers - Answer-✅A double walled membrane sac that encloses the
epicardium, myocardium and the endocardium is called the
________________________.
It has 3 Functions:
1. Prevents displacement of heart during gravitational acceleration, deceleration
2. Acts as a physical barrier that protects the heart against infection and inflammation
from the lungs and plural space
3. Contains pain receptors and mechanoreceptors that can elicit reflex changes in B/P
and HR
C) Has 2 Layers:
1. Parietal - outer layers, surface layer of mesothelium over a thin layer of connective
tissue
2. Visceral (Epicardium) - inner layer
-Layers separated by pericardial cavity that contains 20ml of pericardial fluid
/.Be able to identify the location of the tricuspid, pulmonic, mitral, aortic valve and how
they function. What causes the valves to open and close? - Answer-✅- Valves open
and close due to pressure gradients
- Four Valves, two kinds of valves:
1. Atrioventricular Valves: one way flow of blood from atrium to ventricle
(a) Tricuspid - (has 3 cusps), Rt valve between the RA and RV
(b) Mitral - (bicuspid), found between LA and LV
2. Semilunar Valves: one way flow from ventricles to either the PA or to the Aorta
(a) Pulmonic - blood goes from RV to PA
- when this valve is open, the AV is closed
(b) Aortic - blood from LV goes into the Aorta
/.2a) Atrioventricular Valves: one way flow of blood from atrium to ventricle
(a) Tricuspid
(b) Mitral - Answer-✅2a) The _______________ valve has 3 cusps, and is located
between the RA and the RV
,2b) The __________________ valve has 2 leaflets and is found between LA and LV
/.a) Semilunar Valves:
b) Pulmonic
c) Aortic - Answer-✅a) Valves that allow one way flow from ventricles to either the PA
or to the Aorta are called the _______________________ valves. There are two kinds
called (b) and (c)
b) The _______________valve allows blood to go from RV to PA, when this valve is
open, the AV is closed
c) The_________________valve allows blood from LV to go into the Aorta
/."Atrial kick" - Answer-✅LA contraction [SYSTOLE] allows a significant INCREASE in
the amt of blood entering the LV at the end of its contraction [DIASTOLE]
/.A) Right Coronary Artery
(1) Conus branch
(2) Rt Marginal Branch
(3) Posterior Descending Artery (PDA) - Answer-✅A) The ______________
______________ ________________ originates from an ostium behind the aortic cusp
and travels behind the Pulm artery (PA), it extends around the right heart to the hearts'
posterior surface where it branches into the RA and RV area.
- Has three branches:
(1) The __________________ branch supplies blood to the RV.
(2) The ________________ ________________ branch crosses through the RV to the
apex
(3) The __________________ ___________________ Artery lies in the post
interventricular sulcus and supplies smaller branches to both ventricles
/.(1) Left Anterior Descending (LAD)
(2) Circumflex Artery (CX) - Answer-✅(1) The ____________ _________________
_____________ Artery delivers blood to the LA and RV and much of the Septum. It
, originates from a single ostium behind the left cusp of the AV and it passes between the
LA appendage and the PA.
(2) The ___________________ Artery supplies the LA and the Lateral wall of the LV,
often branches into the posterior surface of the LA and LV Lateral wall.
/.Frank Starling Law - Answer-✅The _________________ ___________________ Law
is the volume of blood in the heart at the end of DIASTOLE (length of its muscle fibers)
that is directly r/t to the force of contraction during the next SYSTOLE.
- Myocardial stretch determines the force of myocardial contraction
- The more stretch = the more incr force of contraction
/.Know the major changes of aging related to the cardiovascular system - Answer-✅-
Myocardial and blood vessel stiffening
o r/t cross-linking of collagen
o increase in collagen
o disposition of Ca+
o change in elastin
o change in extracellular matrix
o reactive oxygen species
- Changes in neurogenic control over vascular tone
- Incr occurrence of atrial fibrillation
- Loss of exercise capacity
- Left LV hypertrophy and fibrosis
/.a) Atherosclerosis (define)
b) Cytokines
c) growth factors - Answer-✅_________________________________ is a form of
arteriosclerosis in which thickening and hardening of the vessel are caused by
accumulation of lipid-laden macrophages w/in the arterial wall, which leads to formation
of plaque.
- Inflamm disease that develops w/ elevated plasma cholesterol level
Progression:
- injury to endothelium
- Inflammation of endothelium - injury/inflamed endothelia cells can't make normal amts
of antithrombotic and vasodilating cytokines.
b) Numerous inflammatory ________________ are released.
