Page 1 of 47
NURS 242 EXAM 3- DISPARITIES AND RESPIRATORY
LATEST ACTUAL EXAM [2 VERSIONS] 150 QUESTIONS
AND CORRECT DETAILED ANSWERS |ALREADY
GRADED A+
What is ventilation? ......ANSWER........the movement of air into
and out of the lungs
What is perfusion? ......ANSWER........the circulation of blood
through the lungs
What are central chemoreceptors responsive to?
......ANSWER........increased H+ in the brain ECF;
increased PaCO2;
"hypercarbic drive"
What are peripheral chemoreceptors responsive to?
......ANSWER........decreased pH;
increased PaCO2;
decreased PaO2;
"hypoxic drive"
What are elastic forces? ......ANSWER........lungs recoil due to
elastin, collagen, fibrin
What are surface forces? ......ANSWER........surface tension due to
water-air interface
What is airway resistance? ......ANSWER........opposition to flow
caused by the forces of friction; primarily determined by airway
radius
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What is the distensibility of the lungs? ......ANSWER........ease with
which the lungs can be inflated
What is lung distensibility increased in?
......ANSWER........neonates and children;
emphysema
What is lung distensibility decreased in?
......ANSWER........elderly;
pneumonia, pulmonary edema, ARDS, atelectasis, fibrosis
What is surfactant? ......ANSWER........complex substance lining the
alveoli and smallest bronchioles containing phospholipids and a
number of apoproteins which reduces surface tension throughout
the lungs, thereby contributing to its general compliance;
stabilizes the alveoli and keeps them dry
What produces surfactant? ......ANSWER........produced by the
Type II alveolar cells
What is Ohm's law? ......ANSWER........velocity = driving
force/resistance
What is Poiseuille law? ......ANSWER........resistance = (8 x
viscosity x length) / (pi x radius^4)
What happens if the radius in the lungs goes down?
......ANSWER........the resistance goes up
How is the ventilation distributed in the lungs?
......ANSWER........the top of the lungs are more distended and
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less compliant whereas the lower lung is small and highly
compliant
What factors affect lung perfusion? ......ANSWER........lung
capacitance;
low resistance system;
flow influenced by gravity;
resistance primarily determined by vessel radius
What does hypoxia lead to? ......ANSWER........vasoconstriction of
pulmonary vessels
What does prolonged hypoxia lead to?
......ANSWER........pulmonary hypertension
What factors affect alveolar-capillary diffusion?
......ANSWER........capillary permeability;
surface area available for diffusion;
concentration gradient for the gas;
distance for diffusion
What causes right shifts (decreased affinity) in Hemoglobin-O2
affinity? ......ANSWER........acidemia;
hyperthermia;
hypercarbia
What causes left shifts (increased affinity) in Hemoglobin-O2
affinity? ......ANSWER........alkalemia;
hypothermia;
hypocarbia
What is hypoxemia? ......ANSWER........deficient blood oxygen;
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low PaO2;
low O2 saturation
What is hypoxia? ......ANSWER........decreased tissue oxygen
What is hypoxic hypoxia? ......ANSWER........decreased tissue
oxygen caused by decreased respirations
What is anemic hypoxia? ......ANSWER........decreased tissue
oxygen caused by decreased hemoglobin
What is circulatory hypoxia? ......ANSWER........decreased tissue
oxygen caused by decreased blood flow
What is histotoxic hypoxia? ......ANSWER........decreased tissue
oxygen caused by increased toxic substance
What is ischemia? ......ANSWER........greatly reduced or
interrupted flow through the arterial system, producing significant
tissue hypoxia
What is hypercapnia? ......ANSWER........increased level of CO2
in the blood
What are S&S of acute hypoxia? ......ANSWER........dyspnea;
restlessness; palpitations; agitation; headache; tremors;
diaphoresis; respiratory distress; cyanosis; tachypnea;
tachycardia; dysrhythmias; hypertension; lethargy; confusion to
coma
What are some effects of hypercapnia?
......ANSWER........respiratory acidosis (decreased pH from
NURS 242 EXAM 3- DISPARITIES AND RESPIRATORY
LATEST ACTUAL EXAM [2 VERSIONS] 150 QUESTIONS
AND CORRECT DETAILED ANSWERS |ALREADY
GRADED A+
What is ventilation? ......ANSWER........the movement of air into
and out of the lungs
What is perfusion? ......ANSWER........the circulation of blood
through the lungs
What are central chemoreceptors responsive to?
......ANSWER........increased H+ in the brain ECF;
increased PaCO2;
"hypercarbic drive"
What are peripheral chemoreceptors responsive to?
......ANSWER........decreased pH;
increased PaCO2;
decreased PaO2;
"hypoxic drive"
What are elastic forces? ......ANSWER........lungs recoil due to
elastin, collagen, fibrin
What are surface forces? ......ANSWER........surface tension due to
water-air interface
What is airway resistance? ......ANSWER........opposition to flow
caused by the forces of friction; primarily determined by airway
radius
,Page 2 of 47
What is the distensibility of the lungs? ......ANSWER........ease with
which the lungs can be inflated
What is lung distensibility increased in?
......ANSWER........neonates and children;
emphysema
What is lung distensibility decreased in?
......ANSWER........elderly;
pneumonia, pulmonary edema, ARDS, atelectasis, fibrosis
What is surfactant? ......ANSWER........complex substance lining the
alveoli and smallest bronchioles containing phospholipids and a
number of apoproteins which reduces surface tension throughout
the lungs, thereby contributing to its general compliance;
stabilizes the alveoli and keeps them dry
What produces surfactant? ......ANSWER........produced by the
Type II alveolar cells
What is Ohm's law? ......ANSWER........velocity = driving
force/resistance
What is Poiseuille law? ......ANSWER........resistance = (8 x
viscosity x length) / (pi x radius^4)
What happens if the radius in the lungs goes down?
......ANSWER........the resistance goes up
How is the ventilation distributed in the lungs?
......ANSWER........the top of the lungs are more distended and
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less compliant whereas the lower lung is small and highly
compliant
What factors affect lung perfusion? ......ANSWER........lung
capacitance;
low resistance system;
flow influenced by gravity;
resistance primarily determined by vessel radius
What does hypoxia lead to? ......ANSWER........vasoconstriction of
pulmonary vessels
What does prolonged hypoxia lead to?
......ANSWER........pulmonary hypertension
What factors affect alveolar-capillary diffusion?
......ANSWER........capillary permeability;
surface area available for diffusion;
concentration gradient for the gas;
distance for diffusion
What causes right shifts (decreased affinity) in Hemoglobin-O2
affinity? ......ANSWER........acidemia;
hyperthermia;
hypercarbia
What causes left shifts (increased affinity) in Hemoglobin-O2
affinity? ......ANSWER........alkalemia;
hypothermia;
hypocarbia
What is hypoxemia? ......ANSWER........deficient blood oxygen;
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low PaO2;
low O2 saturation
What is hypoxia? ......ANSWER........decreased tissue oxygen
What is hypoxic hypoxia? ......ANSWER........decreased tissue
oxygen caused by decreased respirations
What is anemic hypoxia? ......ANSWER........decreased tissue
oxygen caused by decreased hemoglobin
What is circulatory hypoxia? ......ANSWER........decreased tissue
oxygen caused by decreased blood flow
What is histotoxic hypoxia? ......ANSWER........decreased tissue
oxygen caused by increased toxic substance
What is ischemia? ......ANSWER........greatly reduced or
interrupted flow through the arterial system, producing significant
tissue hypoxia
What is hypercapnia? ......ANSWER........increased level of CO2
in the blood
What are S&S of acute hypoxia? ......ANSWER........dyspnea;
restlessness; palpitations; agitation; headache; tremors;
diaphoresis; respiratory distress; cyanosis; tachypnea;
tachycardia; dysrhythmias; hypertension; lethargy; confusion to
coma
What are some effects of hypercapnia?
......ANSWER........respiratory acidosis (decreased pH from
