NR 222 Unit 3 Health and Wellness Study guide {2020} - Chamberlain college of nursing {A+} | NR222 Unit 3 Health and Wellness Study guide {2020} - {A+}

NR 222 Unit 3 Health and Wellness Study guide {2020} - Chamberlain college of nursing {A+} Unit 3 Edelman: Ch 3 1. Health disparities a. a particular type of health difference that is closely linked with social, economic, and/or environmental disadvantage b. adversely affect groups of individuals, especially vulnerable populations c. Medicare and Medicaid were created to aid the poor and older adult populations, but escalating health costs are still an issue d. People who experienced greater obstacles to health based on: race/ethnicity, religion, socioeconomic status, gender, age, mental health, cognitive/sensory/physical disability, sexual orientation, geographic location, or other characteristics historically linked to discrimination or exclusion 2. Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (ACA) a. Signed into law on March 23, 2010 b. Largest change since Medicare and Medicaid in the 1960s c. Will be fully enacted by 2018 d. Designed to address issues of affordability, accessibility, and financing of health care with focus on vulnerable populations e. Requires changes in public insurance programs, private health insurance market regulations, and other components f. If can’t get insurance through job, can go to health insurance exchange 3. Healthy People 2020 a. Goals: i. Attain high-quality, longer lives free of preventable disease, disability, injury, and premature death. ii. Achieve health equity, eliminate disparities, and improve the health of all groups. iii. Create social and physical environments that promote good health for all. iv. Promote quality of life, healthy development, and healthy behaviors across all life stages. 4. Health indicators of a nation a. Mortality-based indicators reflect general health of nation and are readily available b. International Comparisons of Core Health Indicators compares average life expectancy by gender and infant mortality rates c. Infant mortality rates are very important because reflect maternal health and access to health care (US is slightly worse than other industrialized nations because of the large disparities in health ) d. The higher the education of women, the lower the infant mortality rate (also White women have much better rates than African or Hispanic) 5. Historical Role of Women in Health Promotion a. Florence Nightingale i. Founder of modern nursing ii. While caring for wounded soldiers in the Crimean War, she fought for hospital reform by crusading for cleanliness and against overcrowding and lack of ventilation. iii. Her careful recordings of care outcomes quantified needed reform in health promotion b. Lilian Wald i. Appalled by the lack of medical care, ignorance, and living conditions of the poor in 1893, developed a settlement program in New York City that trained nurses, provided care to families, and developed education programs for the community ii. organized public health in the direction of health promotion for families and communities 6. Institute of Medicine (IOM) a. Nonprofit b. Conducts research from systems approach to advise nation in improving health c. Work environments contribute to nurses’ errors and poor communication d. Medication errors were common and costly 7. World Health Organization (WHO) a. Objective is to influence health opportunities and outcomes for all people so that they can attain highest possible level of health b. Recognizes importance of families and health promotion c. Agenda with 6 goals: i. Promoting development; fostering health security; strengthening health systems; harnessing research, info, and evidence; enhancing partnerships; and improving performance d. History of Health Care i. Early influences 1. Earliest views of health were holistic 2. Primitive people understood illness in mystical terms (sickness linked to cosmic view) 3. Middle ages: a. infectious diseases were leading cause of death b. health was absence of disease ii. industrial influences 1. manufacturing advances during 18th century (flush toilet, sewage system) made sanitary engineering possible, preventing diseases (typhoid, paratyphoid, and gastroenteritis) iii. socioeconomic influences 1. 1834: pauperism a. Moral failure against poor b. If worker didn’t earn a subsistence-level income, attitude toward them was suspicious and punitive c. People are held directly accountable for state in life, and health maintenance is responsibility of individual iv. Public health influences 1. Edwin Chadwick () a. Father of British and American Public Health b. Established English Board of Health c. Emphasized environmental sanitation but excluded physicians outside times of crisis d. Strove to improve health of masses for economic reasons 2. Lemuel Shattuck a. Leader of public health movement in US b. Used British system as model c. Public health has focused on improving health of poor, but welfare has dictated subsistence at minimum level (Puritan influence) v. Scientific influences 1. Louis Pasteur a. Germ theory 2. Robert Koch a. Origin of bacterial infection 3. Joseph Lister a. Antisepsis 4. Paul Ehrlich a. Chemotherapy 5. All expanded public health from sanitation to control of communicable diseases through broad biological base 6. : discovery and use of sulfanomides and other antibiotics reduced death rate to lowest point in history 7. With increase in life expectancy, chronic diseases increase 8. USDHHS a. ACA calls for establishment b. National Prevention, Health Promotion, and Public -- - - - - - - - - - - - - - -- -- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 8. Epidemic and pandemic alert and response (EPR) a. CDC created public health emergency response guide to help public health professionals at state, local, and tribal levels respond to emergency in first 24 hrs b. Health care providers should be alerted to any unusual symptoms indicative of infectious outbreak related to bioterrorism, and report if suspect one c. Indications of bioterrorism: i. Unusual temporal or geographic clustering of illness ii. Individuals presenting clinical signs and symptoms that suggest outbreak iii. Unusual age distribution for common diseases iv. Large number of cases of acute flaccid paralysis with prominent bulbar palsies d. WHO works to gather reports in countries regarding bioterrorism e. Global Public Health Intelligence Network is a significant source of informal info; constantly searching data over internet to identify info about outbreaks 9. Natural Disasters a. Phenomena that occur through natural forces involving land, air, or water, and have large-scale negative impacts on humans who live in affected areas b. Tsunamis, earthquakes, floods, landslides, mudslides, tornadoes, hurricanes, cyclones, typhoons, wildfires, volcano eruptions, extreme heat, winter weather,etc c. More harm in developing countries because of deforestation and inadequate warning 10. Implications a. Essential public health services i. Monitoring the health status of individuals and communities in order to address identified health problems ii. Diagnosing and investigating health problems and health hazards among individuals in the community iii. Informing, educating, and empowering people about health problems and various ways to address problems, including applying strengths found in the community iv. Mobilizing community partnerships and community actions so that health problems can be identified and addressed v. Developing policies and plans that will assist individuals and their communities to address identified problems vi. Enforcing laws and regulations to provide and protect the safety and health of individuals and communities vii. Linking people to appropriate health services to ensure accessible health care viii. Ensuring proficient personal and public health care workforces ix. Evaluating the accessibility, effectiveness, and quality of health services x. Searching for innovative ideas and solutions to identified health problems b. awareness of human rights, empowerment, cultural diversity, and cultural competence can help health care professionals effectively deliver care to individuals and communities c. need more advanced practice nurses d. introduce health promotion and disease prevention with emphasis on evidence-based practice, human rights, cultural diversity, and cultural competency