NR 222 Unit 1 Health and Wellness Study guide {2020} - Chamberlain college of nursing {A+} | NR222 Unit 1 Health and Wellness Study guide {2020} - {A+}

NR 222 Unit 1 Health and Wellness Study guide {2020} - Chamberlain college of nursing {A+} Edelman Ch 1 1. Margaret Newman: define of health in 2 paradigms: a. Wellness-illness continuum i. Dichotomized portrayal of health and illness ranging from high- level wellness to depletion of health 1. High-level wellness is a sense of well-being, life satisfaction, and quality of life a. Involves progression toward higher level of functioning, an open-ended and ever-expanding future with its challenge of fuller potential and integration of whole being i. Contains ideas similar to eudaimonistic model ii. Emphasizes interrelationship between environment and ability to achieve health on both personal and societal level 2. Negative end is the adaptation to disease and disability through levels of functional ability 3. Used to conform to scientific methods that seek to control contextual effects, provide basis for causal explanations, and predict future outcomes 4. Adding second dimension of favorability of person’s environment for health and wellness crates a matrix where favorable environment allows high-level wellness to occur and an unfavorable environment allows low-level wellness to exist a. Now it became possible to combine clinical model of health with models based on social and environmental parameters ii. Characterizes health as a perspective developmental phenomenon of unitary patterning of the person-environment 1. Conceptualized as expanding consciousness, pattern or meaning recognition, personal transformation, and self-actualization 2. Seeks to address dynamic whole of health experience through behavioral and social mechanisms over time 3. Each person is seen as a part of a complex, interconnected biological and social system 2. Ecological model of health a. Useful for promoting health at individual, family, community, and societal levels b. Emphasizes social determinants of health i. Factors in society that have an influence on health and the options available to people to improve or maintain their health c. Health as adaptation and eudomonia (self-actualization) d. Social determinants of health forms basis for Healthy People 2020 3. Before 1940: a. Infectious diseases claimed lives of many children and young adults b. Health viewed as absence of disease c. Physician- independent practice, primary provider of health care services, provided in private office d. Federal government- only beginning to establish role in working with states to address public health and welfare issues 4. : a. Health became linked to person’s ability to fulfill role in society b. Physician- asked to complete physicals for school, work, military, and insurance c. Federal government- expanded role through funding for hospital expansion and establishment of new Department of Health, Education, and Welfare (DHEW) d. Recognized that a person might recover from a disease and still be unable to fulfill family or work roles because of residual changes from illness e. Disability and rehabilitation entered as concepts f. Work or school was viewed as possible contributors to health, illness, disability, and death 5. 1960- present a. Federal and state governments attempted to control spending and health care costs b. Primary care providers now attempt to involve individuals and families in delivery of person-centered care and teaching individuals about individual responsibilities and lifestyle choices c. Health care became interdisciplinary endeavor d. Health became linked to individual’s reactions to environment rather than a fixed state 6. Models of Health a. Clinical i. Health defined by absence and illness by conspicuous presence of signs and symptoms of disease ii. Don’t seek preventive health services and wait until are very ill to seek care b. Role Performance i. Health defined in erms of individual’s aility to perform social roles ii. Includes work, family, and social roles, wit performance based of societal expectations iii. Illness would be failure to perform roles at level of others in society iv. Basis for occupational health evaluations, school physical examinations, and physician-excused absences c. Adaptive i. People’s ability to adjust positively to social, mental, and physiological change is the measure of their health ii. Illness occurs when person fails to adapt or becomes maladaptive to these changes iii. Spirituality can be useful in adapting to decreased level of functioning in older adults d. Eudaimonistic i. Exuberant well-being indicates optimal health ii. Emphasizes interactions between physical, social, psychological, and spiritual aspects of life and environment that contribute to goal attainment and create meaning iii. Illness reflected by denervation or languishing, lack of involvement with life iv. Person dying of cancer may still be healthy if that person is finding meaning in life at this stage of development 7. Health Ecology a. Recognizes interconnection between people and their physical and social environments b. Health is multidimensional, extending from individual into surrounding community, and including context within which the person functions c. Incorporates systems approach within which actions of one portion of system affect functioning of system as a whole d. Recognizes that there are social and environmental factors that can enhance or limit health and healthy behaviors e. Ex: most people can benefit from walking, and people are more likely to walk in areas where there are sidewalks or walking paths and where they feel safe; nurses can encourage people to walk, but they may also need to advocate for safe areas for people to walk and work with others to plan for people-friendly community development 8. Functioning a. Functional health is being present or absent, having high-level or low-level wellness, and being influenced by neighborhood and society b. Integral to health c. Are physical, mental, and social levels and are reflected in terms of performance and social expectations d. Can be viewed from ecological perspective e. Loss of function can be sign or symptom of disease and that they may need nursing intervention 9. Health a. State of physical, mental, spiritual, and social functioning that realizes a person’s potential and is experiences within a developmental context b. Is individual’s responsibility, but also requires collective action to ensure society and environment where people can act responsibly to support health c. Culture and beliefs can influence health action d. WHO definition: state of complete physical (genetic makeup), mental, and social well-being and not merely absence of disease and infirmity, but say says it encompasses spiritual, developmental, and environmental aspects over time i. Person with diabetes may be considered healthy if are able to adapt to illness and live meaningful, spiritually satisfying life 10. Illness, Disease, and Health a. Disease- failure of a person’s adaptive mechanisms to counteract stimuli and stresses adequately, resulting in functional or structural disturbances i. Is the diagnosis b. Illness- subjective experience of individual and physical manifestation of disease i. A response characterized by a mismatch between a person’s needs and resources available to meet those needs ii. Signals to individuals and populations that present balance isn’t working iii. Has psychological, spiritual, and social components iv. Is the symptoms c. Can have disease without feeling ill; can feel ill without having diagnosable disease 11. Planning for health - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -- - - - - - -- - - 5. Health promotion activities such as routine exercise and good nutrition help patients maintain or enhance their present levels of health 6. Wellness education teaches people how to care for themselves in a healthy way and includes topics such as physical awareness, stress management, and self-responsibility 7. Illness prevention activities such as immunization programs protect patients from actual or potential threats to health 8. Passive strategies of health promotion a. individuals gain from the activities of others without acting themselves b. fluoridation of municipal drinking water and the fortification of homogenized milk with vitamin D 9. Active strategies of health promotion a. individuals are motivated to adopt specific health programs and are actively involved in measures to improve their present and future levels of wellness while decreasing the risk of disease b. Weight-reduction and smoking-cessation programs 10. Levels of preventive care a. Primary prevention i. true prevention; it precedes disease or dysfunction and is applied to patients considered physically and emotionally healthy ii. health promotion includes health education programs, immunizations, and physical and nutritional fitness activities b. Secondary prevention i. focuses on individuals who are experiencing health problems or illnesses and are at risk for developing complications or worsening conditions ii. Activities are directed at diagnosis and prompt intervention, thereby reducing severity and enabling the patient to return to a normal level of health as early as possible iii. includes screening techniques and treating early stages of disease to limit disability by averting or delaying the consequences of advanced disease c. Tertiary prevention i. occurs when a defect or disability is permanent and irreversible ii. involves minimizing the effects of long-term disease or disability by interventions directed at preventing complications and deterioration iii. Activities are directed at rehabilitation rather than diagnosis and treatment