HOW DO ORGANISMS REPRODUCE — Class 10
CBSE Notes
1. Introduction
Reproduction: The biological process by which living organisms
produce new individuals of the same species.
Purpose: Continuation of species, not essential for individual
survival.
2. Types of Reproduction
Type Description Example
Asexu Amoeba, Hydra,
Single parent, no gamete fusion
al Yeast
Two parents, fusion of gametes (male &
Sexual Humans, Plants
female)
🧫 ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION
(a) Binary Fission
Parent splits into two equal halves.
Example: Amoeba, Paramecium
Steps: Nucleus divides → Cytoplasm divides → Two new cells.
(b) Multiple Fission
Nucleus divides many times before cell splits.
Example: Plasmodium (malarial parasite)
(c) Budding
Small outgrowth (bud) develops into new organism.
Example: Yeast, Hydra
(d) Fragmentation
, Body breaks into pieces; each piece grows into new organism.
Example: Spirogyra (algae)
Needs a simple body structure.
(e) Regeneration
Ability to regrow lost parts or a whole organism from fragments.
Example: Planaria, Hydra
(f) Spore Formation
Tiny spores (reproductive cells) are released and grow into new
organisms.
Example: Rhizopus (bread mould)
Spores are protected by a thick wall → survive harsh conditions.
(g) Vegetative Propagation (in Plants)
New plants grow from roots, stems, leaves, or buds of parent
plant.
Examples:
Plant Part Example
Root Sweet potato
Potato (tuber), Ginger
Stem
(rhizome)
Leaf Bryophyllum (leaf buds)
Cutting/
Rose, Sugarcane
Grafting
Advantages:
Fast reproduction
Identical to parent (clones)
Can grow plants without seeds
CBSE Notes
1. Introduction
Reproduction: The biological process by which living organisms
produce new individuals of the same species.
Purpose: Continuation of species, not essential for individual
survival.
2. Types of Reproduction
Type Description Example
Asexu Amoeba, Hydra,
Single parent, no gamete fusion
al Yeast
Two parents, fusion of gametes (male &
Sexual Humans, Plants
female)
🧫 ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION
(a) Binary Fission
Parent splits into two equal halves.
Example: Amoeba, Paramecium
Steps: Nucleus divides → Cytoplasm divides → Two new cells.
(b) Multiple Fission
Nucleus divides many times before cell splits.
Example: Plasmodium (malarial parasite)
(c) Budding
Small outgrowth (bud) develops into new organism.
Example: Yeast, Hydra
(d) Fragmentation
, Body breaks into pieces; each piece grows into new organism.
Example: Spirogyra (algae)
Needs a simple body structure.
(e) Regeneration
Ability to regrow lost parts or a whole organism from fragments.
Example: Planaria, Hydra
(f) Spore Formation
Tiny spores (reproductive cells) are released and grow into new
organisms.
Example: Rhizopus (bread mould)
Spores are protected by a thick wall → survive harsh conditions.
(g) Vegetative Propagation (in Plants)
New plants grow from roots, stems, leaves, or buds of parent
plant.
Examples:
Plant Part Example
Root Sweet potato
Potato (tuber), Ginger
Stem
(rhizome)
Leaf Bryophyllum (leaf buds)
Cutting/
Rose, Sugarcane
Grafting
Advantages:
Fast reproduction
Identical to parent (clones)
Can grow plants without seeds
