PUP 3002 Exam 1 Questions with
Correct Answers
Policy Efficency - ANSWER-Whether the resources, time and energy of a policy are
delivering the greatest policy outcomes, for a given level of resources.
Equity - ANSWER-The extent to which a government delivers the benefits of a policy
evenly across all communities.
federalism - ANSWER--Nation; state; local
-National and state possess constitutions
-Different goals and policy preferences
executive - ANSWER-president, governor, mayor
legislative - ANSWER-two houses (at the national and state level)
Goals and policy preferences often vary between? - ANSWER-branches
Judiciary - ANSWER--National, State and Local all possess an array or criminal, civil
and administrative courts
-Prosecute violations of executive and legislative
democracy - ANSWER-makes policymaking difficult
Competing interests, institutional barriers, and public opinion make solving societal
problems - ANSWER-tedious and costly
likely better than the autocracy - ANSWER--Citizens have control over government -
-Governments must appease citizens to stay in power
"Many forms of Government have been tried, and will be tried in this world of sin and
woe. No one pretends that democracy is perfect or all-wise. Indeed it has been said
that democracy is the worst form of Government except for all those other forms that
have been tried from time to time" - ANSWER-winston churchhill
the policy making process was proposed by - ANSWER-Harold Laswell (1951)
the policy making process - ANSWER-A heuristic demonstrating the pathways by
which policies are identified, proposed, evaluated, implemented and terminated
7 stages of the policy making process - ANSWER--Problem and Solution
Identification
-Agenda Setting
-Policy Formulation
,-Alternative Formulation
-Policy Selection and Adoption
-Policy Implementation
-Policy Evaluation
stakeholders - ANSWER-Those who are affected by a policy problem
policy demands - ANSWER-The demands exerted by stakeholders on the political
actors
Credible action - ANSWER-The mechanism by which demands pressure leaders
collection action problems exist around - ANSWER-stakeholders
the policy entrepreneur - ANSWER--Willing to exert time and effort
-Has a stake in the solution
-Ability to link their preferred solution to the 'problem' of others
agenda setting - ANSWER-The process by which formal institutional centers of
power will take up and potentially act on a policy solution
factors that shape policy agendas - ANSWER--Preferences of Formal Actors
-Actors External to Formal Institutions (Advocacy Coalitions)
-External Shocks
Policy solutions are drawn from a set of - ANSWER-competing alternatives
whos ideas are considered? - ANSWER--Policy advocates
-Private organizations subsidize government effort by providing information
What do individual decision makers consider, Likely a combination of many factors -
ANSWER--Political affiliation
-Their specific electorate
-Getting it right
"Getting it right" - ANSWER-often entails a cost benefit analysis
cost benefit analysis - ANSWER-determines which policy provides the greatest
benefits for the given costs
steps to policy selection - ANSWER--Identify the project
-List all benefits
-Assign value (costs) to the benefits in a common metric (generally dollar amounts)
-Apply discount rate
-Sum Costs and Benefits
-Choose policy whose gains most outweigh costs
implemation - ANSWER-is any activity related to carrying out a duly passed policy
the bureaucracy - ANSWER-Relies on a non-elected government officials
, the bureaucracy - ANSWER--Makes formal rules
-Enforces those rules
-Provides services to clientele
policy evaluation - ANSWER-is the systematic investigation of the effects of a policy
on its intended social target, once enacted
the process of the policy evaluation should be - ANSWER-policy neutral
Policy Problems - ANSWER--Multi-dimensional
-Complex
a model of public policy is - ANSWER-a simplified representation of the causal
relationships that link any number of policy inputs with a policy output of interest
models - ANSWER-do not attempt to explain all aspects of the policy process
casual relationship - ANSWER-relationship between an input variable and an output
variable, where an outcome variable has changed due to an exposure to an input
variable
input variable - ANSWER-=Independent Variable= X
output variable - ANSWER-= Dependent Variable=Y
policy scholars - ANSWER-attempt to posit causal relationships, not simply
associations
Policy analysts often speak of causal relationships as being of three fundamental
types - ANSWER--Necessary
-Sufficient
-Necessary & Sufficient
a necessary condition is - ANSWER-is one that is necessary for something else to
occur:
a necessary condition is - ANSWER--Y does not happen unless X is present
-If X is not present, Y will not happen
-But, if X is present, Y may or may not happen
a sufficient condition is - ANSWER-is one in the presence of which something else
will always occur.
a sufficient condition is - ANSWER--Y always happens when X is present.
-If Y did not happen, X was not present.
-But, if Y did happen, X may or may not have been present
A necessary and sufficient condition - ANSWER-in whose absence the event will not
occur and in whose presence the event must occur
Correct Answers
Policy Efficency - ANSWER-Whether the resources, time and energy of a policy are
delivering the greatest policy outcomes, for a given level of resources.
Equity - ANSWER-The extent to which a government delivers the benefits of a policy
evenly across all communities.
federalism - ANSWER--Nation; state; local
-National and state possess constitutions
-Different goals and policy preferences
executive - ANSWER-president, governor, mayor
legislative - ANSWER-two houses (at the national and state level)
Goals and policy preferences often vary between? - ANSWER-branches
Judiciary - ANSWER--National, State and Local all possess an array or criminal, civil
and administrative courts
-Prosecute violations of executive and legislative
democracy - ANSWER-makes policymaking difficult
Competing interests, institutional barriers, and public opinion make solving societal
problems - ANSWER-tedious and costly
likely better than the autocracy - ANSWER--Citizens have control over government -
-Governments must appease citizens to stay in power
"Many forms of Government have been tried, and will be tried in this world of sin and
woe. No one pretends that democracy is perfect or all-wise. Indeed it has been said
that democracy is the worst form of Government except for all those other forms that
have been tried from time to time" - ANSWER-winston churchhill
the policy making process was proposed by - ANSWER-Harold Laswell (1951)
the policy making process - ANSWER-A heuristic demonstrating the pathways by
which policies are identified, proposed, evaluated, implemented and terminated
7 stages of the policy making process - ANSWER--Problem and Solution
Identification
-Agenda Setting
-Policy Formulation
,-Alternative Formulation
-Policy Selection and Adoption
-Policy Implementation
-Policy Evaluation
stakeholders - ANSWER-Those who are affected by a policy problem
policy demands - ANSWER-The demands exerted by stakeholders on the political
actors
Credible action - ANSWER-The mechanism by which demands pressure leaders
collection action problems exist around - ANSWER-stakeholders
the policy entrepreneur - ANSWER--Willing to exert time and effort
-Has a stake in the solution
-Ability to link their preferred solution to the 'problem' of others
agenda setting - ANSWER-The process by which formal institutional centers of
power will take up and potentially act on a policy solution
factors that shape policy agendas - ANSWER--Preferences of Formal Actors
-Actors External to Formal Institutions (Advocacy Coalitions)
-External Shocks
Policy solutions are drawn from a set of - ANSWER-competing alternatives
whos ideas are considered? - ANSWER--Policy advocates
-Private organizations subsidize government effort by providing information
What do individual decision makers consider, Likely a combination of many factors -
ANSWER--Political affiliation
-Their specific electorate
-Getting it right
"Getting it right" - ANSWER-often entails a cost benefit analysis
cost benefit analysis - ANSWER-determines which policy provides the greatest
benefits for the given costs
steps to policy selection - ANSWER--Identify the project
-List all benefits
-Assign value (costs) to the benefits in a common metric (generally dollar amounts)
-Apply discount rate
-Sum Costs and Benefits
-Choose policy whose gains most outweigh costs
implemation - ANSWER-is any activity related to carrying out a duly passed policy
the bureaucracy - ANSWER-Relies on a non-elected government officials
, the bureaucracy - ANSWER--Makes formal rules
-Enforces those rules
-Provides services to clientele
policy evaluation - ANSWER-is the systematic investigation of the effects of a policy
on its intended social target, once enacted
the process of the policy evaluation should be - ANSWER-policy neutral
Policy Problems - ANSWER--Multi-dimensional
-Complex
a model of public policy is - ANSWER-a simplified representation of the causal
relationships that link any number of policy inputs with a policy output of interest
models - ANSWER-do not attempt to explain all aspects of the policy process
casual relationship - ANSWER-relationship between an input variable and an output
variable, where an outcome variable has changed due to an exposure to an input
variable
input variable - ANSWER-=Independent Variable= X
output variable - ANSWER-= Dependent Variable=Y
policy scholars - ANSWER-attempt to posit causal relationships, not simply
associations
Policy analysts often speak of causal relationships as being of three fundamental
types - ANSWER--Necessary
-Sufficient
-Necessary & Sufficient
a necessary condition is - ANSWER-is one that is necessary for something else to
occur:
a necessary condition is - ANSWER--Y does not happen unless X is present
-If X is not present, Y will not happen
-But, if X is present, Y may or may not happen
a sufficient condition is - ANSWER-is one in the presence of which something else
will always occur.
a sufficient condition is - ANSWER--Y always happens when X is present.
-If Y did not happen, X was not present.
-But, if Y did happen, X may or may not have been present
A necessary and sufficient condition - ANSWER-in whose absence the event will not
occur and in whose presence the event must occur
