HIS 144 Final Exam Questions With
100% Accurate Answers 2025-2026
Latest Edition.
Medical Police - Answer Virchow
State has official role in promoting health, hygiene, etc
• Marriage, public health
similar to social authority
Doctors in US in early-mid 19th century enjoyed less social/cultural authority than doctors in
Europe did
crisis partly caused by the rise of state power/authority, assertion of medical police
Anti-vaccination
comissioners for the poor go into poor areas of england, make sure that kids have been
vaccinated against smallpox
- compounded fines
attempt for state to enforce medical authority
med authority- intersex- Garnier, Pare
local authority, bishop acts as medical police,
classifies as man, must wear pants
eugenics- immigration officials check for eye diseases
Social and Cultural Authority - Answer • Social authority- power to command/control actions
of others
o Similar to Frank idea of medical police
• Cultural authority- power that flows from shaping beliefs, understandings, and values of
others
• Early America/US republic lacked both forms of medical authority
made for open-chaotic medical marketplace in US 19th century
Smallpox also sociocultural phenomena
• Had social authority to impose treatments but not cultural authority
,• Hippo-gal based on trust of physician and patient (Hippocratic oath)
o Trust by physician was committed to doing no harm, providing help with little material gain
o Cultural authority that made people want to / able to consult with physicians
• 19th century medicine = range of institutions
o require in individual physicians and institutions and institutional power
that provide care or solutions to troubling medical problems
concept that runs thri
Edward Jenner - Answer o How could scourge of smallpox be avoided?
Took time to systematically study
One interpretation: medicine's triumph
• Took lymph from cowpox infected dairymaidvaccinated baby
• Sarah Nemmes, milkmaid infected with cowpox James Phipps is inoculated with cowpox pus
from Nelmes Phipps falls ill with mild case of cowpox scabs are collected from a smallpox
patient Phipps is inoculated with the scabs of smallpox Phipps is unaffected. Protection is
complete
Smallpox also sociocultural phenomena
• Had social authority to impose treatments but not cultural authority
• Skepticism, opposition, doubt
Compulsory Vaccination Act (1853) - Answer • 1853- compulsory vaccination act
o almost immediate opposition
o image supports idea that vaccination causes death instead of saving lived
Depending on how vaccination was done - could contract smallpox still
Earlier practice- inoculating people with pus from smallpox sores of others directly
• Could cause smallpox or syphilis
Not completely outrageous
Comparison to people today who refuse vaccines
o Claim that vaccination is harmful, efficacy is doubtful (didn't always work)
o Vaccinations initially done under those who administered poor laws in Europe
,• backlash from the public toward state toward compulsory vaccination
• opposed because infringed on natural rights/sanitation favor of public health
o individual liberty
o fines imposed if you're not vaccinated (by Poor Law people)
• poor laws
o thrown in prison- seen as undesirable
Were people opposing it rational
• yes, vaccines weren't 100% effective, no knowledge of disease cotangents
• syphilis, measles spread via vaccination methods
• live vaccines, heat from body could infect the sample (worse reaction)
o thread under skin could cause sepsis
Offered as counter to this
• public health, increase sanitation, reduce filth
• London = industrial city, overcrowded, heavy metals in the air, poor water supply
• Belief that bad air-(myasthma) causes disease
o Black lung
Antivaxxers then and now
• foreign material (filth) in the body
o religious ideas today
• no religious freedom in England back then
o no religious freedom allowing refusal of vaccines
Sanitarianism - Answer brought by 19th century TB
• Cleanliness associated with health
• Dug sewers
• Aqueducts
• Pure milk for drinking
• Tenement house reform
Beards, long dresses, rugs, carpets everywhere
Wood used to make bathrooms seem more elegant
• wood is porous, could hold disease transmitters
, • Ads for new lifestyles
• Hygenic and healthy how to learn about disease
o Public works programs and personal changes took place before official treatment for TB
Illness may be caused by viruses, bacteria,
• Also social
o Extent and harm determined by social processes, not all curative acts of physicians
Does not mean world of med knowledge practice in unimportant
• Guided by stories that experts were telling about why people died
• Practice of HC is doubly social
o Illnesses shaped by social factors
o All social factors shaped by what medical had to say about topics
• Life expectancy goes up before many of curative practices are available
Louis-René Villermé - Answer Villermé
• Physician
• Devoted to determining socio-medical implications of medical/vital statistics
• Establishing difference in mortality among rich and poor
o Connections to spread of cholera in Paris
Linked to lodging houses
o questions about economic and social problems
state and social policy
• raised problem of the poor
o innocent victims or morally degenerate vectors of disease?
• obsessed/concerned with
o poverty is a contagion
o not just poor but certain segment of poor (inhabit different logens)
as force of contagions
• recognizes unhappiness of poor
o problems with dwellings
o individuals
100% Accurate Answers 2025-2026
Latest Edition.
Medical Police - Answer Virchow
State has official role in promoting health, hygiene, etc
• Marriage, public health
similar to social authority
Doctors in US in early-mid 19th century enjoyed less social/cultural authority than doctors in
Europe did
crisis partly caused by the rise of state power/authority, assertion of medical police
Anti-vaccination
comissioners for the poor go into poor areas of england, make sure that kids have been
vaccinated against smallpox
- compounded fines
attempt for state to enforce medical authority
med authority- intersex- Garnier, Pare
local authority, bishop acts as medical police,
classifies as man, must wear pants
eugenics- immigration officials check for eye diseases
Social and Cultural Authority - Answer • Social authority- power to command/control actions
of others
o Similar to Frank idea of medical police
• Cultural authority- power that flows from shaping beliefs, understandings, and values of
others
• Early America/US republic lacked both forms of medical authority
made for open-chaotic medical marketplace in US 19th century
Smallpox also sociocultural phenomena
• Had social authority to impose treatments but not cultural authority
,• Hippo-gal based on trust of physician and patient (Hippocratic oath)
o Trust by physician was committed to doing no harm, providing help with little material gain
o Cultural authority that made people want to / able to consult with physicians
• 19th century medicine = range of institutions
o require in individual physicians and institutions and institutional power
that provide care or solutions to troubling medical problems
concept that runs thri
Edward Jenner - Answer o How could scourge of smallpox be avoided?
Took time to systematically study
One interpretation: medicine's triumph
• Took lymph from cowpox infected dairymaidvaccinated baby
• Sarah Nemmes, milkmaid infected with cowpox James Phipps is inoculated with cowpox pus
from Nelmes Phipps falls ill with mild case of cowpox scabs are collected from a smallpox
patient Phipps is inoculated with the scabs of smallpox Phipps is unaffected. Protection is
complete
Smallpox also sociocultural phenomena
• Had social authority to impose treatments but not cultural authority
• Skepticism, opposition, doubt
Compulsory Vaccination Act (1853) - Answer • 1853- compulsory vaccination act
o almost immediate opposition
o image supports idea that vaccination causes death instead of saving lived
Depending on how vaccination was done - could contract smallpox still
Earlier practice- inoculating people with pus from smallpox sores of others directly
• Could cause smallpox or syphilis
Not completely outrageous
Comparison to people today who refuse vaccines
o Claim that vaccination is harmful, efficacy is doubtful (didn't always work)
o Vaccinations initially done under those who administered poor laws in Europe
,• backlash from the public toward state toward compulsory vaccination
• opposed because infringed on natural rights/sanitation favor of public health
o individual liberty
o fines imposed if you're not vaccinated (by Poor Law people)
• poor laws
o thrown in prison- seen as undesirable
Were people opposing it rational
• yes, vaccines weren't 100% effective, no knowledge of disease cotangents
• syphilis, measles spread via vaccination methods
• live vaccines, heat from body could infect the sample (worse reaction)
o thread under skin could cause sepsis
Offered as counter to this
• public health, increase sanitation, reduce filth
• London = industrial city, overcrowded, heavy metals in the air, poor water supply
• Belief that bad air-(myasthma) causes disease
o Black lung
Antivaxxers then and now
• foreign material (filth) in the body
o religious ideas today
• no religious freedom in England back then
o no religious freedom allowing refusal of vaccines
Sanitarianism - Answer brought by 19th century TB
• Cleanliness associated with health
• Dug sewers
• Aqueducts
• Pure milk for drinking
• Tenement house reform
Beards, long dresses, rugs, carpets everywhere
Wood used to make bathrooms seem more elegant
• wood is porous, could hold disease transmitters
, • Ads for new lifestyles
• Hygenic and healthy how to learn about disease
o Public works programs and personal changes took place before official treatment for TB
Illness may be caused by viruses, bacteria,
• Also social
o Extent and harm determined by social processes, not all curative acts of physicians
Does not mean world of med knowledge practice in unimportant
• Guided by stories that experts were telling about why people died
• Practice of HC is doubly social
o Illnesses shaped by social factors
o All social factors shaped by what medical had to say about topics
• Life expectancy goes up before many of curative practices are available
Louis-René Villermé - Answer Villermé
• Physician
• Devoted to determining socio-medical implications of medical/vital statistics
• Establishing difference in mortality among rich and poor
o Connections to spread of cholera in Paris
Linked to lodging houses
o questions about economic and social problems
state and social policy
• raised problem of the poor
o innocent victims or morally degenerate vectors of disease?
• obsessed/concerned with
o poverty is a contagion
o not just poor but certain segment of poor (inhabit different logens)
as force of contagions
• recognizes unhappiness of poor
o problems with dwellings
o individuals
