BRAINSCAPE1
PKG 221 Exam with complete
solutions latest version
light weighting advantages - CORRECT ANSWER-reduces energy cost
reduces freight costs
reduces raw materials usage
increases production speeds
increases filling line efficiency
reduces CO2
what percent of glass packaging is beverage? - CORRECT ANSWER-82%
crystalline - CORRECT ANSWER-highly ordered arrangement
amorphous - CORRECT ANSWER-highly random arrangement
glass - CORRECT ANSWER-refers to an inorganic substance fused at high
temperatures and cooled quickly so that it solidifies in a vitreous or non crystalline
condition
(-glass has no melting point)
(-the structure is non-crystalize, no regular structure, random)
American society for testing and materials defines glass as: - CORRECT ANSWER-"an
inorganic product of fusion which has cooled has a rigid condition without crystallizing"
glass has a molecular structure of a liquid and physical characteristics of a solid
Advantages of glass: - CORRECT ANSWER--upscale image
-is fairly chemical inert, impermeable to gases and water vapor
-is transparent, but color can be added
-can be recycled, microwaved, heated and cooled
-acceptable for direct food contact (although it can leach out some trace amounts of
chemicals, not affecting food)
BRAINSCAPE1
, BRAINSCAPE1
-Rigid structure that does not change under vacuum or pressure.
-moldable, there are a variant of shape and designs possible.
What is the melting point of glass? - CORRECT ANSWER-molecular structure of liquid
physical characteristics of a solid
no distinct melting point
Glass characteristics - CORRECT ANSWER-an inorganic non-crystalline (amorphous)
solid formed by cooling from its liquid state
-glass does not have a melting point but rather a range at which it is viscous
Is glass a "solid liquid"? - CORRECT ANSWER--no distinct melting point
-glass has a molecular structure of a liquid and physical characteristics of a solid.
-glass like materials really have their own category:
*crystalline solids: molecules are ordered in a regular lattice
*fluids: molecules are disordered and are not rigidly bound
*glasses: molecules are disordered but are rigidly bound
liquid glass: cathedral glass - CORRECT ANSWER-cathedral window myth:
-crown glass process
-rolled, blown, flattened, spun to a disc
-pontil attachment at the center
-outer edges thinner, usually installed as top
-assembled used lead
-center known as "bullseye"
disadvantages of glass - CORRECT ANSWER--Heavy compared to plastic for same
volume, which can cost more to distribute
-expensive and high energy compare to plastics
-fragile, susceptible to thermal shock
-not biodegradable
-somewhat limited direct printability
-salts can dissolve out, but very small amount.
Glass properties - CORRECT ANSWER--density 2.5 g/cm^3
-permeability very low
-surface: smooth, very hard, high friction uncoated, can bruise if "naked" needs to be
coated, high gloss
-transparent
-chemically resistant
-high tensile strength
-high stiffness
-great force needed to make a deformation/strain
-tough, can strain without breaking
-brittle; not ductile, broken bottle can be reassembled into original shape
BRAINSCAPE1
, BRAINSCAPE1
thermal properties of glass: - CORRECT ANSWER-conductivity is very low, thermal
expansion is moderate, thermal shock is a big problem
breakage causes of glass: - CORRECT ANSWER-tensions (when fill or vacuum) ,
external force, thermal shock
Devitrification - CORRECT ANSWER--tendency of glass to revert to a crystalline
structure or organized structure
-can be related to too much time at a high temperature
-can appear as a milky haze
-we do not want a crystalline structure
-we want to have the molecule in an amorphous arrangement
glass composition - CORRECT ANSWER--the major component is iO2 (sand)
-If SiO2 the only component:
hard to melt:takes longer and more energy
Hard to fine: fine is removing the air bubbles from the molten glass
difficult to mold: this relates to high viscosity
glass composition - raw materials - CORRECT ANSWER-silica sand, glass former (68-
73%)
limestone, increases chemical durability (10-13%)
soda ash, promotes melting (12-15%)
fining agents - CORRECT ANSWER-Makes CO2 gas, combines with other to make
bigger bubbles. carbon and saltcake
decolorizers - CORRECT ANSWER-flint (clear) has some iron in it naturally, iron makes
it slightly green, add selenium to make it slightly pink, (pink and green makes gray,
appears clear.:
colorizers - CORRECT ANSWER-most are metal oxides
amber glass - CORRECT ANSWER-iron + sulfur +excess carbon
made by the "reduced" process (less oxygen available)
absorbs <450nm wavelength
light protection - beer, pharma, other
green glasses - CORRECT ANSWER-chrome oxide:
more=darker
oxygen rich =emerald, Georgia green
Reduced oxygen process = dead leaf, champagne, others
Mist, antique, vineyard...
14-15 shades per GPI
blue and other colors - CORRECT ANSWER-blue = cobalt oxide (powerful
BRAINSCAPE1
PKG 221 Exam with complete
solutions latest version
light weighting advantages - CORRECT ANSWER-reduces energy cost
reduces freight costs
reduces raw materials usage
increases production speeds
increases filling line efficiency
reduces CO2
what percent of glass packaging is beverage? - CORRECT ANSWER-82%
crystalline - CORRECT ANSWER-highly ordered arrangement
amorphous - CORRECT ANSWER-highly random arrangement
glass - CORRECT ANSWER-refers to an inorganic substance fused at high
temperatures and cooled quickly so that it solidifies in a vitreous or non crystalline
condition
(-glass has no melting point)
(-the structure is non-crystalize, no regular structure, random)
American society for testing and materials defines glass as: - CORRECT ANSWER-"an
inorganic product of fusion which has cooled has a rigid condition without crystallizing"
glass has a molecular structure of a liquid and physical characteristics of a solid
Advantages of glass: - CORRECT ANSWER--upscale image
-is fairly chemical inert, impermeable to gases and water vapor
-is transparent, but color can be added
-can be recycled, microwaved, heated and cooled
-acceptable for direct food contact (although it can leach out some trace amounts of
chemicals, not affecting food)
BRAINSCAPE1
, BRAINSCAPE1
-Rigid structure that does not change under vacuum or pressure.
-moldable, there are a variant of shape and designs possible.
What is the melting point of glass? - CORRECT ANSWER-molecular structure of liquid
physical characteristics of a solid
no distinct melting point
Glass characteristics - CORRECT ANSWER-an inorganic non-crystalline (amorphous)
solid formed by cooling from its liquid state
-glass does not have a melting point but rather a range at which it is viscous
Is glass a "solid liquid"? - CORRECT ANSWER--no distinct melting point
-glass has a molecular structure of a liquid and physical characteristics of a solid.
-glass like materials really have their own category:
*crystalline solids: molecules are ordered in a regular lattice
*fluids: molecules are disordered and are not rigidly bound
*glasses: molecules are disordered but are rigidly bound
liquid glass: cathedral glass - CORRECT ANSWER-cathedral window myth:
-crown glass process
-rolled, blown, flattened, spun to a disc
-pontil attachment at the center
-outer edges thinner, usually installed as top
-assembled used lead
-center known as "bullseye"
disadvantages of glass - CORRECT ANSWER--Heavy compared to plastic for same
volume, which can cost more to distribute
-expensive and high energy compare to plastics
-fragile, susceptible to thermal shock
-not biodegradable
-somewhat limited direct printability
-salts can dissolve out, but very small amount.
Glass properties - CORRECT ANSWER--density 2.5 g/cm^3
-permeability very low
-surface: smooth, very hard, high friction uncoated, can bruise if "naked" needs to be
coated, high gloss
-transparent
-chemically resistant
-high tensile strength
-high stiffness
-great force needed to make a deformation/strain
-tough, can strain without breaking
-brittle; not ductile, broken bottle can be reassembled into original shape
BRAINSCAPE1
, BRAINSCAPE1
thermal properties of glass: - CORRECT ANSWER-conductivity is very low, thermal
expansion is moderate, thermal shock is a big problem
breakage causes of glass: - CORRECT ANSWER-tensions (when fill or vacuum) ,
external force, thermal shock
Devitrification - CORRECT ANSWER--tendency of glass to revert to a crystalline
structure or organized structure
-can be related to too much time at a high temperature
-can appear as a milky haze
-we do not want a crystalline structure
-we want to have the molecule in an amorphous arrangement
glass composition - CORRECT ANSWER--the major component is iO2 (sand)
-If SiO2 the only component:
hard to melt:takes longer and more energy
Hard to fine: fine is removing the air bubbles from the molten glass
difficult to mold: this relates to high viscosity
glass composition - raw materials - CORRECT ANSWER-silica sand, glass former (68-
73%)
limestone, increases chemical durability (10-13%)
soda ash, promotes melting (12-15%)
fining agents - CORRECT ANSWER-Makes CO2 gas, combines with other to make
bigger bubbles. carbon and saltcake
decolorizers - CORRECT ANSWER-flint (clear) has some iron in it naturally, iron makes
it slightly green, add selenium to make it slightly pink, (pink and green makes gray,
appears clear.:
colorizers - CORRECT ANSWER-most are metal oxides
amber glass - CORRECT ANSWER-iron + sulfur +excess carbon
made by the "reduced" process (less oxygen available)
absorbs <450nm wavelength
light protection - beer, pharma, other
green glasses - CORRECT ANSWER-chrome oxide:
more=darker
oxygen rich =emerald, Georgia green
Reduced oxygen process = dead leaf, champagne, others
Mist, antique, vineyard...
14-15 shades per GPI
blue and other colors - CORRECT ANSWER-blue = cobalt oxide (powerful
BRAINSCAPE1
