Maryville University Pharmacology 615, chapters 1-4 | STUDY GUIDE
early part of drug development preclinical stage
establish biological effects as well as safe dosages and
phase one clinical trials
pharmacokinetics in a small number of healthy patients
new drug used to treat disease in a small number of patients and
phase two clinical trials
establish the potential of the drug to improve outcomes
phase three clinical trials compare the new medication to standard therapy
two types of drug responses quantal and graded
guanine nucleotide regulatory seven regions of protein span the cell membrane to create a pocket for drugs
proteins (G proteins) to bind
drugs can act on one of three of a type that do not act through receptors. i.e. general
types of receptor sites anesthetics, sodium bicarbonate
(agonists/full agonists,
antagonists, partial antagonists)
unless they are
metabolism changing one chemical into another
first step in WHO process to develop an accurate diagnosis
prescribe
three types of treatment goals with curative, symptom relieving, preventative
medications
the tendency of a cell, tissue, or the body not to respond to drugs
homeostasis
but instead to maintain the internal environment by adjust
physiological processes..
effects of route of administration are compliance, bioavailability, onset of action, duration of action
dependent on what 4 factors?
half-life time over which the drug concentration will decrease by half.
there are a limited number of drug-metabolizing enzymes, and
drug interactions
these enzymes can metabolize only one drug molecule at a
time.
excretion process by which the drugs are transferred from inside the body to outside
the body
, which organ is the primary organ kidneys
of excretion for most drugs?
As many as___ percent of patients 50%
do not take their medications as
prescribed, or do not take them
at all
Passive monitoring of a patient on patient is educated on the expected outcome of the drug therapy
medication involves: and is instructed to contact the provider if the treatment is not
effective or adverse drug effects occur.
active monitoring of a patient on evaluating therapeutic blood levels and making dosage adjustments
medication involves:
cost effective practices of the considering the cost to the patient and the health care system.
prescriber include: prescription of a generic when possible is helpful.
extra care must be taken when children, the elderly, pregnant women
prescribing to the following
three types of patients:
antidote substance that relieves, prevents, or counteracts the effect of a poison
portion of a drug dose that reaches the systemic circulation and is
bioavailability
available to act on body cells
when drugs are altered from their original form into a new form by
biotransformation
the body, also referred to as metabolism
transport of drug molecules within the body; after a drug is injected
distribution or absorbed into the bloodstream, it is carried by the blood and
tissue fluids to its sites of action, metabolism, and excretion
drugs or metabolites that are excreted in bile, reabsorbed from
enterohepatic recirculation
the small intestine, returned to the liver, metabolized, and
eventually excreted in urine
production of larger amounts of drug-metabolizing enzymes by liver
enzyme induction cells; process accelerates drug metabolism because larger
amounts of the enzymes (and more binding sites) allow larger
amounts of a drug to be metabolized during a given time
enzyme inhibition process in which a molecule binds to enzymes and inhibits their activity
initial metabolism of some oral drugs as they are carried from the
first-pass effect intestine to the liver by the portal circulatory system prior to
reaching the systemic circulation for distribution to site of
action
hypersensitivity immune mediated reaction to a drug
dose larger than the regular prescribed daily dosage of a
loading dose
medication, used to attain a therapeutic blood level
early part of drug development preclinical stage
establish biological effects as well as safe dosages and
phase one clinical trials
pharmacokinetics in a small number of healthy patients
new drug used to treat disease in a small number of patients and
phase two clinical trials
establish the potential of the drug to improve outcomes
phase three clinical trials compare the new medication to standard therapy
two types of drug responses quantal and graded
guanine nucleotide regulatory seven regions of protein span the cell membrane to create a pocket for drugs
proteins (G proteins) to bind
drugs can act on one of three of a type that do not act through receptors. i.e. general
types of receptor sites anesthetics, sodium bicarbonate
(agonists/full agonists,
antagonists, partial antagonists)
unless they are
metabolism changing one chemical into another
first step in WHO process to develop an accurate diagnosis
prescribe
three types of treatment goals with curative, symptom relieving, preventative
medications
the tendency of a cell, tissue, or the body not to respond to drugs
homeostasis
but instead to maintain the internal environment by adjust
physiological processes..
effects of route of administration are compliance, bioavailability, onset of action, duration of action
dependent on what 4 factors?
half-life time over which the drug concentration will decrease by half.
there are a limited number of drug-metabolizing enzymes, and
drug interactions
these enzymes can metabolize only one drug molecule at a
time.
excretion process by which the drugs are transferred from inside the body to outside
the body
, which organ is the primary organ kidneys
of excretion for most drugs?
As many as___ percent of patients 50%
do not take their medications as
prescribed, or do not take them
at all
Passive monitoring of a patient on patient is educated on the expected outcome of the drug therapy
medication involves: and is instructed to contact the provider if the treatment is not
effective or adverse drug effects occur.
active monitoring of a patient on evaluating therapeutic blood levels and making dosage adjustments
medication involves:
cost effective practices of the considering the cost to the patient and the health care system.
prescriber include: prescription of a generic when possible is helpful.
extra care must be taken when children, the elderly, pregnant women
prescribing to the following
three types of patients:
antidote substance that relieves, prevents, or counteracts the effect of a poison
portion of a drug dose that reaches the systemic circulation and is
bioavailability
available to act on body cells
when drugs are altered from their original form into a new form by
biotransformation
the body, also referred to as metabolism
transport of drug molecules within the body; after a drug is injected
distribution or absorbed into the bloodstream, it is carried by the blood and
tissue fluids to its sites of action, metabolism, and excretion
drugs or metabolites that are excreted in bile, reabsorbed from
enterohepatic recirculation
the small intestine, returned to the liver, metabolized, and
eventually excreted in urine
production of larger amounts of drug-metabolizing enzymes by liver
enzyme induction cells; process accelerates drug metabolism because larger
amounts of the enzymes (and more binding sites) allow larger
amounts of a drug to be metabolized during a given time
enzyme inhibition process in which a molecule binds to enzymes and inhibits their activity
initial metabolism of some oral drugs as they are carried from the
first-pass effect intestine to the liver by the portal circulatory system prior to
reaching the systemic circulation for distribution to site of
action
hypersensitivity immune mediated reaction to a drug
dose larger than the regular prescribed daily dosage of a
loading dose
medication, used to attain a therapeutic blood level
