Pr
epar
edbySi
rPaulKat
imka0621952008
CLASSI
FICATI
ONOFLI
VINGTHI
NG
KI
NGDOM FUNGI
Memberoft
heki
ngdom f
ungii
ncludefai
rl
yfamil
i
aror
gani
sm.SuchasMushr
ooms,
toadstool
s,puf
fball
sandbracket
fungi
.
Therear
eal
sol
essobv
iousbutveryi
mportantmember
ssuchasMouldwhi
chgr
owonbr ead,
ripef
rui
tsandot
herf oods.
GENERALCHARACTERI
STI
CSOFFUNGI
:
i
. Fungiar efoundi ndamporwetpl aces.
i
i
. Theyhav eEukar yoti
ccel lswithar i
gidprotectedcellwallmadeofchit
in
chi t
incont ainpol ysacchari
desandpr otei
n
i
i
i. Thebodyoff ungi i
sor ganizedintothreadlikestr
ucturecaledhy
l phae(singularhypha).Anetworkmassofhy phaei
s
cal
ledmy celium.
i
v. Fungihav enochl orophy l
lalsotheydonotphot osynt
hesize,t
hei
rmodeoff eedi
ngi sheter
otr
ophic,i
nthiswaysomeare
saprophy t
icwhi l
eother sarepar asi
ti
c.
v. Theyst orefoodasgl ycogen
vi
. Fungireproduceasexual l
ybyusi ngspor es
v
ii
. Theyexhi bitalternati
onofgener atons(spor
i ophyteandgamet ophytegeneration).Thei
rdominantgenerat
ioni
s
gamet ophy te.
v
ii
i. Theypr oducechemi calsubstancecal l
edpher omonest hatf
acil
i
tatessexualreproducti
on.
PHYLUM I
NKI
NGDOM FUNGI
Ther
earet
hreemai nphylai
nki
ngdom f
ungi
.Thesear
e;
1. Ascomy cota
2. Zygomy cota
3. Basidi
omy cota
PHYLUM BASI
DIOMYCOTA
Basi
diomy cot
aarecharact
erizedbyt hepr
oductonofbasi
i di
a.Thesear
emicroscopi
cofcl
ubshapedcel
li
nwhi
chmat
urat
ionof
spor
ecalledbasidi
osporetakeplace.Naturespor
eareprepar
edthenaredi
spersed.
ExamplesofBasidiomycotaar e
mushr ooms,
t oadstool,
puf fball
sandbracketf ungi
CHARACTERI
STI
CSOFBASI
DIOMYCETES
i. Thei
raremulti
cel
lul
arorganism
i
i. Theyaresapr
ophyti
c,growi ngondecayi
ngor gani
cmatt
er.
i
i
i. Theyrepr
oducebothsexuallyandasexuall
y.
i
v. Theyrepr
oduceasexualusingsporescall
edbasidi
ospor
econt
ainedi
ncl
ub-
li
kest
ruct
ureknownasbasi
dia
v. Theyhavehyphaewithcrosswall(
septate)
STRUCTUREOFMUSHROOM
i
. Mushroomsgr owondeadanddecay ingmat ter(
saprophy t
es)
ii
. Theyproduceenzymesont hesur f
aceoft heirmycell
i
um whi chhelpthem tobr
eakdowncompl
exfoodpar
ti
cles.
i
ii
. Thepil
eusisthecapoft hemushr oom ont heunderrideofthepileusarespeci
alhy
phaecal
l
edgi
ll
s.
i
v. Thegil
lsproducebasidi
ospor esattheirt
ips.
v. Thestal
k(orstem l
ikepar t
)oft hemushroom i scall
edstipe.
vi
. Thepartofthemushroom t hatisabov et
hesoi lcal
ledthef r
uit
ingbody.
v
ii
. Hyphaeli
einoronsubst rate(thesourceoff ood).
Pr
epar
edbySi
rPaulKat
imka0621952008
, Pr
epar
edbySi
rPaulKat
imka0621952008
PHYLUM ASCOMYCOTA
Ascomycot
esar ealsocaledsacf
l ungi
.Theypr
oducespor
esi
nsacl
i
kecel
l edasci
scal
l .Thesespor
esar edascospor
ecal
l es.
Exampl
esofascomy cotesar
e
y east,
cupf ungi,
powder ymi l
dew,
peni cil
li
um andbreadmoul
d
CHARACTERI
STI
CSOFASCOMYCOTES
i. Somear eunicel
lul
ar,
forexampleyeastandot herar
emulti
cell
ularforexampleaspergil
l
usandpenici
l
li
um
i
i. Theygrowandf eedondecay i
ngmat eri
als.
i
i
i. Theyhavelongtube-l
ikefi
lamentscall
edhy phaewit
hcrosswalls.
i
v. Somey eastisusedintheproducti
onofbeer ,wi
neandbread.Othertypesofyeastcausedi
sease.
v. Theyreproduceasexuall
ybybudding.Buddingiswherebyanewor ganism devel
opsasanout gr
owthofthepar
ent
scel
l
.
PHYLUM ZYGOMYCOTA(
ZYGOMYCETES)
Zy
gomy cotareproduceasexuall
yt hr
oughsporesorsexuall
ythroughfor
matonofzy
i gospori
a.
Theseor gani
smsar egiventhisnamebecauset heyproducezygospor
angi
aduringsexualrepr
oduct
ion.
Zy gospor angi
aarethickwalledstruct
uresthatcont
ainsporesandarehi
ghl
yresistancet
ounsuit
ableenvi
ronment
al
condit
ion.Whencondit i
onimpr ovethesporesgerminat
e
exampl eofzy gomycotesarebr eadmoul d,
mucor .
Pr
epar
edbySi
rPaulKat
imka0621952008
, Pr
epar
edbySi
rPaulKat
imka0621952008
CHARACTERI
STI
CSOFZYGOMYCETES
i. Theyaremult
icell
ular
i
i. Theyaresapr
ophy t
ic,growi
ngondecayingorgani
cmat eri
al
i
i
i. Theyrepr
oducesexual l
ythr
oughzygosporesorasexual
lythr
oughspor
angi
osphor
e
i
v. Havehyphaewithoutcrosswall
s.
ADVANTAGEOFKI
NGDOM FUNGI
i
. Saprophyti
cfungiareimpor t
antinthedecomposi ti
onofdeador gani
sm.
ii
. Yeastisusedtofermentv ari
oust ypesofcar bohydrat
esi nordertoproduceal
cohol.
iii
. Somet ypesoffungiforexampl emushr oom ar eusedasf ood.
iv. Fungiarewidel
yusedi ngenet i
cengi neeringandresearch.
v. Yeastisarichsourceofvitami nBandpr otei
n.
v i
. Somet ypesoffungiareusedi nthepr oduct i
onofanti
bioticsforexamplePeni
cil
li
um
vii
. Yeastcell
sareusedi ntheproduct i
onofl acticaci
dandci tri
cacid.
v
iii
. Fungihavebeenusedt ocont rolpestthatcausedamageanddi seasetoagri
cul
tural
crops.
ix. Somet ypesoffungiareusedi nthedai ryindustr
ytofl
av orcheese.
DI
SADVANTAGEOFKI
NGDOM FUNGI
i. Parasi
ti
cf ungi
causesdiseasei
nplantandani
mal
i
i. Fungiproducepoisoncal
ledmycotoxi
ns
i
i
i. Somef ungiatt
acktheti
mberusedinbuildi
nghouseandmakef
urni
tur
e
i
v. Somef ungidestr
oyfoode.g.Br
eadmoul d
KI
NGDOM PLANTAE
GENERALCHARACTERI
STI
CSOFMEMBERSOFTHEKI
NGDOM PLANTAE
i. Theyaremul t
cell
ular.
i
i. Thei
rcell
sar eeukaryoticwithcell
ulosecel lwall
.
i
i
i. Pl
antsareaut ot
rophictheyphot osynthesizetoproducet
heirownfood.
i
v. Theystor
ef oodasst arch.
v. Theyareorganizedintot i
ssues,organsandsy st
ems.
v
i. Theyshowl i
mi t
edmov ementf orexampl eopeningandclosi
ngfl
owerpetal
sandgr
owt
hmov
ementt
owar
dst
hest
imul
us.
Pr
epar
edbySi
rPaulKat
imka0621952008
, Pr
epar
edbySi
rPaulKat
imka0621952008
DI
STI
NCTI
VEFEATURESOFMEMBEROFKI
NGDOM PLANTAE
i. Theyhaveacel
lwal
l madeupofcell
ulose
i
i. Higherpl
ant
shavevascul
arti
ssuesfortheconduct
ionofwat
er,
miner
alsal
ts,andmanuf
act
uredf
ood.
i
i
i. Theystor
efoodi
ntheform ofst
arch
DI
VISI
ONOFKI
NGDOM PLANTAE
Themain4di
vi
sionsofkingdom pl
antaeare
I. Divi
sionBryophyta
II
. Divi
sionfi
li
cinophyt
a
II
I. Di
vi
sionconifer
ophyta
IV. Di
vi
sionspermatophyta/
angiosper
mat
ophy
ta.
I
.DI
VISI
ONBRYOPHYTA
Pl
ant
sint
hisdi
vi
sioni
ncl
udeMossesandl
i
ver
wor
ts.
GENERALCHARACTERI
STI
CSOFDI
VISI
ONBRYOPHYTA
i. Theyaregener allysmal lsi
ze,somemosseshav eonlyafewcel l
sthick.
i
i. Theyhaveleaf–l iket hal
amusandr oot–l i
kerhizoidsst
ruct
ur ebutnott rueleavesorroots.
i
i
i. Theylackvascul artissues(xyl
em andphl oem).
i
v. Bryophyt
esarecommonl yfoundinthemoi stareassuchasal ongt heriv
erbanksandt ressandrocksinhumi darea.
v. Theyreproducebot hsexuallyandasexually.
Theyneedwat erdur i
ngsexual reproducti
onbecauset hemal erepr
oducti
ve
cell
scanonlyr eacht hefemalereproducti
vecellsbyswimmi ng.Asexual r
eproductionisbymeansofspor es.
v
i. Theyshowal ternat i
onofgener ati
on.Thismeanst hattheyhavet wodi st
inctphasesi nthei
rli
fecycle.Thegamet e-
produci
ngphasecal l
edgamet ophytestage,Gamet es–ar emal eorfemal ereproducti
ve
DI
STI
NCTI
VECHARACTERI
STI
CSOFBRYOPHYTES
i. Theyaresi
mplepl antswhichl acktrueroots,stemsorl eaves.
i
i. Theyei
theranerectort hol
loidbody ,whichisleafyi
nnat ur
e.
i
i
i. Theyhavenov ascularti
ssues, meaningt hatt
heyhav enoxy l
em andphl
oem
i
v. Theyusual
lydependsonwat erf orsexual r
eproducti
on
v. Thedominantpartoft heplantbodyi sgamet ophyte(thegamet epr
oduci
ngpl
antbody
)
MOSSPLANTS
Mosesconsi stsofastem-li
kestr
ucturebeari
ngspiral
lyarr
angedl eaflikeextensions.Theyar ediv
idedtothesubstr
atum
byr hi
z oids.
Anex ampl eofamosspl ant
sisfunari
asp
Thepr oduct i
v epart
sofmossespl ant
saret heantheri
dium(mal eorgan)andar chegonium (Femaleorgan)
Theant her i
dium andarchegoni
um canbef oundonsepar at
epl antsoront hesamepl ant.
Theant her i
dium rel
easesmobilesperm.Thesperm swi minwat ertoreachandf erti
li
zetheeggi nthearchegoni
um t
o
form azy got e.
Thezy gotedev el
opsi ntoayoungsporophytepl
antwhi chgrowswhi lesti
llattachedtot hearchegonium.Itdependsonthe
par
entpl antf ornut ri
ti
onandsupport
Wheni tmat uresthesporophyt
eformsacapsul ewhichcontainsspor es.Whent hesporesar ematurethecapsul
ebursts
openandt heyl andproducenewmossespl ants(gametophytes)
Pr
epar
edbySi
rPaulKat
imka0621952008
epar
edbySi
rPaulKat
imka0621952008
CLASSI
FICATI
ONOFLI
VINGTHI
NG
KI
NGDOM FUNGI
Memberoft
heki
ngdom f
ungii
ncludefai
rl
yfamil
i
aror
gani
sm.SuchasMushr
ooms,
toadstool
s,puf
fball
sandbracket
fungi
.
Therear
eal
sol
essobv
iousbutveryi
mportantmember
ssuchasMouldwhi
chgr
owonbr ead,
ripef
rui
tsandot
herf oods.
GENERALCHARACTERI
STI
CSOFFUNGI
:
i
. Fungiar efoundi ndamporwetpl aces.
i
i
. Theyhav eEukar yoti
ccel lswithar i
gidprotectedcellwallmadeofchit
in
chi t
incont ainpol ysacchari
desandpr otei
n
i
i
i. Thebodyoff ungi i
sor ganizedintothreadlikestr
ucturecaledhy
l phae(singularhypha).Anetworkmassofhy phaei
s
cal
ledmy celium.
i
v. Fungihav enochl orophy l
lalsotheydonotphot osynt
hesize,t
hei
rmodeoff eedi
ngi sheter
otr
ophic,i
nthiswaysomeare
saprophy t
icwhi l
eother sarepar asi
ti
c.
v. Theyst orefoodasgl ycogen
vi
. Fungireproduceasexual l
ybyusi ngspor es
v
ii
. Theyexhi bitalternati
onofgener atons(spor
i ophyteandgamet ophytegeneration).Thei
rdominantgenerat
ioni
s
gamet ophy te.
v
ii
i. Theypr oducechemi calsubstancecal l
edpher omonest hatf
acil
i
tatessexualreproducti
on.
PHYLUM I
NKI
NGDOM FUNGI
Ther
earet
hreemai nphylai
nki
ngdom f
ungi
.Thesear
e;
1. Ascomy cota
2. Zygomy cota
3. Basidi
omy cota
PHYLUM BASI
DIOMYCOTA
Basi
diomy cot
aarecharact
erizedbyt hepr
oductonofbasi
i di
a.Thesear
emicroscopi
cofcl
ubshapedcel
li
nwhi
chmat
urat
ionof
spor
ecalledbasidi
osporetakeplace.Naturespor
eareprepar
edthenaredi
spersed.
ExamplesofBasidiomycotaar e
mushr ooms,
t oadstool,
puf fball
sandbracketf ungi
CHARACTERI
STI
CSOFBASI
DIOMYCETES
i. Thei
raremulti
cel
lul
arorganism
i
i. Theyaresapr
ophyti
c,growi ngondecayi
ngor gani
cmatt
er.
i
i
i. Theyrepr
oducebothsexuallyandasexuall
y.
i
v. Theyrepr
oduceasexualusingsporescall
edbasidi
ospor
econt
ainedi
ncl
ub-
li
kest
ruct
ureknownasbasi
dia
v. Theyhavehyphaewithcrosswall(
septate)
STRUCTUREOFMUSHROOM
i
. Mushroomsgr owondeadanddecay ingmat ter(
saprophy t
es)
ii
. Theyproduceenzymesont hesur f
aceoft heirmycell
i
um whi chhelpthem tobr
eakdowncompl
exfoodpar
ti
cles.
i
ii
. Thepil
eusisthecapoft hemushr oom ont heunderrideofthepileusarespeci
alhy
phaecal
l
edgi
ll
s.
i
v. Thegil
lsproducebasidi
ospor esattheirt
ips.
v. Thestal
k(orstem l
ikepar t
)oft hemushroom i scall
edstipe.
vi
. Thepartofthemushroom t hatisabov et
hesoi lcal
ledthef r
uit
ingbody.
v
ii
. Hyphaeli
einoronsubst rate(thesourceoff ood).
Pr
epar
edbySi
rPaulKat
imka0621952008
, Pr
epar
edbySi
rPaulKat
imka0621952008
PHYLUM ASCOMYCOTA
Ascomycot
esar ealsocaledsacf
l ungi
.Theypr
oducespor
esi
nsacl
i
kecel
l edasci
scal
l .Thesespor
esar edascospor
ecal
l es.
Exampl
esofascomy cotesar
e
y east,
cupf ungi,
powder ymi l
dew,
peni cil
li
um andbreadmoul
d
CHARACTERI
STI
CSOFASCOMYCOTES
i. Somear eunicel
lul
ar,
forexampleyeastandot herar
emulti
cell
ularforexampleaspergil
l
usandpenici
l
li
um
i
i. Theygrowandf eedondecay i
ngmat eri
als.
i
i
i. Theyhavelongtube-l
ikefi
lamentscall
edhy phaewit
hcrosswalls.
i
v. Somey eastisusedintheproducti
onofbeer ,wi
neandbread.Othertypesofyeastcausedi
sease.
v. Theyreproduceasexuall
ybybudding.Buddingiswherebyanewor ganism devel
opsasanout gr
owthofthepar
ent
scel
l
.
PHYLUM ZYGOMYCOTA(
ZYGOMYCETES)
Zy
gomy cotareproduceasexuall
yt hr
oughsporesorsexuall
ythroughfor
matonofzy
i gospori
a.
Theseor gani
smsar egiventhisnamebecauset heyproducezygospor
angi
aduringsexualrepr
oduct
ion.
Zy gospor angi
aarethickwalledstruct
uresthatcont
ainsporesandarehi
ghl
yresistancet
ounsuit
ableenvi
ronment
al
condit
ion.Whencondit i
onimpr ovethesporesgerminat
e
exampl eofzy gomycotesarebr eadmoul d,
mucor .
Pr
epar
edbySi
rPaulKat
imka0621952008
, Pr
epar
edbySi
rPaulKat
imka0621952008
CHARACTERI
STI
CSOFZYGOMYCETES
i. Theyaremult
icell
ular
i
i. Theyaresapr
ophy t
ic,growi
ngondecayingorgani
cmat eri
al
i
i
i. Theyrepr
oducesexual l
ythr
oughzygosporesorasexual
lythr
oughspor
angi
osphor
e
i
v. Havehyphaewithoutcrosswall
s.
ADVANTAGEOFKI
NGDOM FUNGI
i
. Saprophyti
cfungiareimpor t
antinthedecomposi ti
onofdeador gani
sm.
ii
. Yeastisusedtofermentv ari
oust ypesofcar bohydrat
esi nordertoproduceal
cohol.
iii
. Somet ypesoffungiforexampl emushr oom ar eusedasf ood.
iv. Fungiarewidel
yusedi ngenet i
cengi neeringandresearch.
v. Yeastisarichsourceofvitami nBandpr otei
n.
v i
. Somet ypesoffungiareusedi nthepr oduct i
onofanti
bioticsforexamplePeni
cil
li
um
vii
. Yeastcell
sareusedi ntheproduct i
onofl acticaci
dandci tri
cacid.
v
iii
. Fungihavebeenusedt ocont rolpestthatcausedamageanddi seasetoagri
cul
tural
crops.
ix. Somet ypesoffungiareusedi nthedai ryindustr
ytofl
av orcheese.
DI
SADVANTAGEOFKI
NGDOM FUNGI
i. Parasi
ti
cf ungi
causesdiseasei
nplantandani
mal
i
i. Fungiproducepoisoncal
ledmycotoxi
ns
i
i
i. Somef ungiatt
acktheti
mberusedinbuildi
nghouseandmakef
urni
tur
e
i
v. Somef ungidestr
oyfoode.g.Br
eadmoul d
KI
NGDOM PLANTAE
GENERALCHARACTERI
STI
CSOFMEMBERSOFTHEKI
NGDOM PLANTAE
i. Theyaremul t
cell
ular.
i
i. Thei
rcell
sar eeukaryoticwithcell
ulosecel lwall
.
i
i
i. Pl
antsareaut ot
rophictheyphot osynthesizetoproducet
heirownfood.
i
v. Theystor
ef oodasst arch.
v. Theyareorganizedintot i
ssues,organsandsy st
ems.
v
i. Theyshowl i
mi t
edmov ementf orexampl eopeningandclosi
ngfl
owerpetal
sandgr
owt
hmov
ementt
owar
dst
hest
imul
us.
Pr
epar
edbySi
rPaulKat
imka0621952008
, Pr
epar
edbySi
rPaulKat
imka0621952008
DI
STI
NCTI
VEFEATURESOFMEMBEROFKI
NGDOM PLANTAE
i. Theyhaveacel
lwal
l madeupofcell
ulose
i
i. Higherpl
ant
shavevascul
arti
ssuesfortheconduct
ionofwat
er,
miner
alsal
ts,andmanuf
act
uredf
ood.
i
i
i. Theystor
efoodi
ntheform ofst
arch
DI
VISI
ONOFKI
NGDOM PLANTAE
Themain4di
vi
sionsofkingdom pl
antaeare
I. Divi
sionBryophyta
II
. Divi
sionfi
li
cinophyt
a
II
I. Di
vi
sionconifer
ophyta
IV. Di
vi
sionspermatophyta/
angiosper
mat
ophy
ta.
I
.DI
VISI
ONBRYOPHYTA
Pl
ant
sint
hisdi
vi
sioni
ncl
udeMossesandl
i
ver
wor
ts.
GENERALCHARACTERI
STI
CSOFDI
VISI
ONBRYOPHYTA
i. Theyaregener allysmal lsi
ze,somemosseshav eonlyafewcel l
sthick.
i
i. Theyhaveleaf–l iket hal
amusandr oot–l i
kerhizoidsst
ruct
ur ebutnott rueleavesorroots.
i
i
i. Theylackvascul artissues(xyl
em andphl oem).
i
v. Bryophyt
esarecommonl yfoundinthemoi stareassuchasal ongt heriv
erbanksandt ressandrocksinhumi darea.
v. Theyreproducebot hsexuallyandasexually.
Theyneedwat erdur i
ngsexual reproducti
onbecauset hemal erepr
oducti
ve
cell
scanonlyr eacht hefemalereproducti
vecellsbyswimmi ng.Asexual r
eproductionisbymeansofspor es.
v
i. Theyshowal ternat i
onofgener ati
on.Thismeanst hattheyhavet wodi st
inctphasesi nthei
rli
fecycle.Thegamet e-
produci
ngphasecal l
edgamet ophytestage,Gamet es–ar emal eorfemal ereproducti
ve
DI
STI
NCTI
VECHARACTERI
STI
CSOFBRYOPHYTES
i. Theyaresi
mplepl antswhichl acktrueroots,stemsorl eaves.
i
i. Theyei
theranerectort hol
loidbody ,whichisleafyi
nnat ur
e.
i
i
i. Theyhavenov ascularti
ssues, meaningt hatt
heyhav enoxy l
em andphl
oem
i
v. Theyusual
lydependsonwat erf orsexual r
eproducti
on
v. Thedominantpartoft heplantbodyi sgamet ophyte(thegamet epr
oduci
ngpl
antbody
)
MOSSPLANTS
Mosesconsi stsofastem-li
kestr
ucturebeari
ngspiral
lyarr
angedl eaflikeextensions.Theyar ediv
idedtothesubstr
atum
byr hi
z oids.
Anex ampl eofamosspl ant
sisfunari
asp
Thepr oduct i
v epart
sofmossespl ant
saret heantheri
dium(mal eorgan)andar chegonium (Femaleorgan)
Theant her i
dium andarchegoni
um canbef oundonsepar at
epl antsoront hesamepl ant.
Theant her i
dium rel
easesmobilesperm.Thesperm swi minwat ertoreachandf erti
li
zetheeggi nthearchegoni
um t
o
form azy got e.
Thezy gotedev el
opsi ntoayoungsporophytepl
antwhi chgrowswhi lesti
llattachedtot hearchegonium.Itdependsonthe
par
entpl antf ornut ri
ti
onandsupport
Wheni tmat uresthesporophyt
eformsacapsul ewhichcontainsspor es.Whent hesporesar ematurethecapsul
ebursts
openandt heyl andproducenewmossespl ants(gametophytes)
Pr
epar
edbySi
rPaulKat
imka0621952008
