NUR 242 MED SURG EXAM 3 2024
NEWEST LATEST ACTUAL EXAM 250
QUESTIONS AND CORRECT
DETAILED ANSWERS
/. What is ventilation? - Answer-✅the movement of air into and out of the lungs
/.What is perfusion? - Answer-✅the circulation of blood through the lungs
/.What are central chemoreceptors responsive to? - Answer-✅increased H+ in the brain
ECF;
increased PaCO2;
"hypercarbic drive"
/.What are peripheral chemoreceptors responsive to? - Answer-✅decreased pH;
increased PaCO2;
decreased PaO2;
"hypoxic drive"
/.What are elastic forces? - Answer-✅lungs recoil due to elastin, collagen, fibrin
/.What are surface forces? - Answer-✅surface tension due to water-air interface
/.What is airway resistance? - Answer-✅opposition to flow caused by the forces of
friction; primarily determined by airway radius
/.What is the distensibility of the lungs? - Answer-✅ease with which the lungs can be
inflated
/.What is lung distensibility increased in? - Answer-✅neonates and children;
emphysema
/.What is lung distensibility decreased in? - Answer-✅elderly;
pneumonia, pulmonary edema, ARDS, atelectasis, fibrosis
/.What is surfactant? - Answer-✅complex substance lining the alveoli and smallest
bronchioles containing phospholipids and a number of apoproteins which reduces
surface tension throughout the lungs, thereby contributing to its general compliance;
stabilizes the alveoli and keeps them dry
,/.What produces surfactant? - Answer-✅produced by the Type II alveolar cells
/.What is Ohm's law? - Answer-✅velocity = driving force/resistance
/.What is Poiseuille law? - Answer-✅resistance = (8 x viscosity x length) / (pi x radius^4)
/.What happens if the radius in the lungs goes down? - Answer-✅the resistance goes
up
/.How is the ventilation distributed in the lungs? - Answer-✅the top of the lungs are
more distended and less compliant whereas the lower lung is small and highly
compliant
/.What factors affect lung perfusion? - Answer-✅lung capacitance;
low resistance system;
flow influenced by gravity;
resistance primarily determined by vessel radius
/.What does hypoxia lead to? - Answer-✅vasoconstriction of pulmonary vessels
/.What does prolonged hypoxia lead to? - Answer-✅pulmonary hypertension
/.What factors affect alveolar-capillary diffusion? - Answer-✅capillary permeability;
surface area available for diffusion;
concentration gradient for the gas;
distance for diffusion
/.What causes right shifts (decreased affinity) in Hemoglobin-O2 affinity? - Answer-
✅acidemia;
hyperthermia;
hypercarbia
/.What causes left shifts (increased affinity) in Hemoglobin-O2 affinity? - Answer-
✅alkalemia;
hypothermia;
hypocarbia
/.What is hypoxemia? - Answer-✅deficient blood oxygen;
low PaO2;
low O2 saturation
/.What is hypoxia? - Answer-✅decreased tissue oxygen
, /.What is hypoxic hypoxia? - Answer-✅decreased tissue oxygen caused by decreased
respirations
/.What is anemic hypoxia? - Answer-✅decreased tissue oxygen caused by decreased
hemoglobin
/.What is circulatory hypoxia? - Answer-✅decreased tissue oxygen caused by
decreased blood flow
/.What is histotoxic hypoxia? - Answer-✅decreased tissue oxygen caused by increased
toxic substance
/.What is ischemia? - Answer-✅greatly reduced or interrupted flow through the arterial
system, producing significant tissue hypoxia
/.What is hypercapnia? - Answer-✅increased level of CO2 in the blood
/.What are S&S of acute hypoxia? - Answer-✅dyspnea; restlessness; palpitations;
agitation; headache; tremors; diaphoresis; respiratory distress; cyanosis; tachypnea;
tachycardia; dysrhythmias; hypertension; lethargy; confusion to coma
/.What are some effects of hypercapnia? - Answer-✅respiratory acidosis (decreased pH
from increase in CO2); lethargy and confusion; increased HR and BP; flushed skin;
arrhythmias; seizures; coma; death
/.What is dyspnea? - Answer-✅subjective feeling of being SOB
/.What does dyspnea lead to? - Answer-✅decreased sense of wellness which may
cause psychological and social consequences
/.What is the leading cause of cancer death? - Answer-✅lung cancer
/.What is lung cancer most likely caused by? - Answer-✅cigarette smoking;
asbestos;
familial predisposition
/.What are the manifestations of lung cancer? - Answer-✅cough, hemoptysis (blood in
cough sputum);
hoarseness;
chest pain;
often disseminated (spread widely) at time of diagnosis
/.What are the types of bronchogenic carcinomas? - Answer-✅squamous cell lung
carcinoma (25-40%);
NEWEST LATEST ACTUAL EXAM 250
QUESTIONS AND CORRECT
DETAILED ANSWERS
/. What is ventilation? - Answer-✅the movement of air into and out of the lungs
/.What is perfusion? - Answer-✅the circulation of blood through the lungs
/.What are central chemoreceptors responsive to? - Answer-✅increased H+ in the brain
ECF;
increased PaCO2;
"hypercarbic drive"
/.What are peripheral chemoreceptors responsive to? - Answer-✅decreased pH;
increased PaCO2;
decreased PaO2;
"hypoxic drive"
/.What are elastic forces? - Answer-✅lungs recoil due to elastin, collagen, fibrin
/.What are surface forces? - Answer-✅surface tension due to water-air interface
/.What is airway resistance? - Answer-✅opposition to flow caused by the forces of
friction; primarily determined by airway radius
/.What is the distensibility of the lungs? - Answer-✅ease with which the lungs can be
inflated
/.What is lung distensibility increased in? - Answer-✅neonates and children;
emphysema
/.What is lung distensibility decreased in? - Answer-✅elderly;
pneumonia, pulmonary edema, ARDS, atelectasis, fibrosis
/.What is surfactant? - Answer-✅complex substance lining the alveoli and smallest
bronchioles containing phospholipids and a number of apoproteins which reduces
surface tension throughout the lungs, thereby contributing to its general compliance;
stabilizes the alveoli and keeps them dry
,/.What produces surfactant? - Answer-✅produced by the Type II alveolar cells
/.What is Ohm's law? - Answer-✅velocity = driving force/resistance
/.What is Poiseuille law? - Answer-✅resistance = (8 x viscosity x length) / (pi x radius^4)
/.What happens if the radius in the lungs goes down? - Answer-✅the resistance goes
up
/.How is the ventilation distributed in the lungs? - Answer-✅the top of the lungs are
more distended and less compliant whereas the lower lung is small and highly
compliant
/.What factors affect lung perfusion? - Answer-✅lung capacitance;
low resistance system;
flow influenced by gravity;
resistance primarily determined by vessel radius
/.What does hypoxia lead to? - Answer-✅vasoconstriction of pulmonary vessels
/.What does prolonged hypoxia lead to? - Answer-✅pulmonary hypertension
/.What factors affect alveolar-capillary diffusion? - Answer-✅capillary permeability;
surface area available for diffusion;
concentration gradient for the gas;
distance for diffusion
/.What causes right shifts (decreased affinity) in Hemoglobin-O2 affinity? - Answer-
✅acidemia;
hyperthermia;
hypercarbia
/.What causes left shifts (increased affinity) in Hemoglobin-O2 affinity? - Answer-
✅alkalemia;
hypothermia;
hypocarbia
/.What is hypoxemia? - Answer-✅deficient blood oxygen;
low PaO2;
low O2 saturation
/.What is hypoxia? - Answer-✅decreased tissue oxygen
, /.What is hypoxic hypoxia? - Answer-✅decreased tissue oxygen caused by decreased
respirations
/.What is anemic hypoxia? - Answer-✅decreased tissue oxygen caused by decreased
hemoglobin
/.What is circulatory hypoxia? - Answer-✅decreased tissue oxygen caused by
decreased blood flow
/.What is histotoxic hypoxia? - Answer-✅decreased tissue oxygen caused by increased
toxic substance
/.What is ischemia? - Answer-✅greatly reduced or interrupted flow through the arterial
system, producing significant tissue hypoxia
/.What is hypercapnia? - Answer-✅increased level of CO2 in the blood
/.What are S&S of acute hypoxia? - Answer-✅dyspnea; restlessness; palpitations;
agitation; headache; tremors; diaphoresis; respiratory distress; cyanosis; tachypnea;
tachycardia; dysrhythmias; hypertension; lethargy; confusion to coma
/.What are some effects of hypercapnia? - Answer-✅respiratory acidosis (decreased pH
from increase in CO2); lethargy and confusion; increased HR and BP; flushed skin;
arrhythmias; seizures; coma; death
/.What is dyspnea? - Answer-✅subjective feeling of being SOB
/.What does dyspnea lead to? - Answer-✅decreased sense of wellness which may
cause psychological and social consequences
/.What is the leading cause of cancer death? - Answer-✅lung cancer
/.What is lung cancer most likely caused by? - Answer-✅cigarette smoking;
asbestos;
familial predisposition
/.What are the manifestations of lung cancer? - Answer-✅cough, hemoptysis (blood in
cough sputum);
hoarseness;
chest pain;
often disseminated (spread widely) at time of diagnosis
/.What are the types of bronchogenic carcinomas? - Answer-✅squamous cell lung
carcinoma (25-40%);
