Physiology 261 Final Study Guide
Questions with Accurate Answers
Physiology - ANSWERSthe study of the normal functioning of a living organism.
Homeostasis - ANSWERSRegulation of the body's internal environment & quickly
restores changed condition to normal.
Placebo - ANSWERSDrug that has no pharmacological effect
Cations - ANSWERSA positively charged ion with fewer electrons than protons
Anion - ANSWERSnegatively charged with more electrons than protons
Isotopes - ANSWERSatoms of one element that have different number of neurons in
their nuclei
Active cellular transport - ANSWERSmovement of molecules across a cell membrane
from a region of low concentration to a region of higher concentration -against
concentration gradient. (requires cellular energy to achieve this movement)
primary (Direct) active transport - ANSWERSenergy comes directly from ATP
Secondary (Indirect) active transport - ANSWERSuse potential energy stored in a
concentration gradient and is indirectly driven by energy from ATP
Refractory period - ANSWERSBrief period during which a second action potential
cannot be triggered
relative refractory period - ANSWERShigher than normal graded potential is required to
trigger an action potential
Isotonic muscle contraction - ANSWERScreates force & moves a load
isometric muscle contraction - ANSWERScreates force without moving a load
Intercalated disc - ANSWERSSpecialized cell junctions within the cardiac muscle
myocardial cells linked to one another that contain gap junction that allow depolarization
to spread rapidly from cell to cell
MI - ANSWERSMyocardial infarction
heart attack, damage to myocardial tissues caused by prolonged ichemial/hypoxia
, Isovolumic ventricular systole - ANSWERSWhen ventricles contract with no
corresponding volume change
Cardiac output (CO) - ANSWERSHeart rate & stroke volume is the volume pumped per
ventricle per unit time. (heart rate x stroke volume= cardiac output). Volume of blood
pumped by one ventricle in a given period of time
Angiogenesis: - ANSWERSDevelopment of new blood vessels. process by which new
blood vessels grow and develop especially after birth
Mean Arterial Pressure (MAP) - ANSWERSRepresents the driving pressure for blood
flow (diastolic pressure + 1/3[systolic pressure - diastolic pressure]) ex: BP pf 120/80 is
80 + 1/3 (120-80)= 80+ 1/3(40)= 80+13=93mmHg
Erythropoietin - ANSWERSA hormone secreted by the kidneys that regulates red blood
cell production (primarily in kidneys)
Pulmonary ventilation: - ANSWERSmovement of air into and out of the lungs. breathing;
air flowing into the lungs during inhalation and out of the lungs during expiration.
Surfactant - ANSWERSDecreases surface tension in the fluid lining the alveoli to
prevent smaller alveoli from collapsing.
Daltons Law - ANSWERSThe total pressure of a mixture of gases is the sum of the
pressures of the individual gases in the mixture
Boyles Law - ANSWERSStates that as the volume available to gas increases, the gas
pressure decreases also gas volume is inversely proportional to pressure
Glomerulus - ANSWERSknot of capillaries; filtration
Osmoreceptors - ANSWERSLocated in the hypothalamus; monitor osmolarity
Juxtaglomerular cells - ANSWERS(granular cells) cells in kidney that synthesize, store,
and secrete enzyme renin.
ACE - ANSWERSAngiotensin converting enzyme; converts ANG I to ANG II
Aldosterone - ANSWERSSteroid hormone that increases Na+ and K+ secretion
Chemical digestion - ANSWERSchemical and mechanical breakdown of foods into
absorbable units
Gluconeogenesis - ANSWERSGlucose synthesis from noncarbohydrate precursors,
especially amino acids. A process in which amino acids and glycerol can be converted
to glucose
Questions with Accurate Answers
Physiology - ANSWERSthe study of the normal functioning of a living organism.
Homeostasis - ANSWERSRegulation of the body's internal environment & quickly
restores changed condition to normal.
Placebo - ANSWERSDrug that has no pharmacological effect
Cations - ANSWERSA positively charged ion with fewer electrons than protons
Anion - ANSWERSnegatively charged with more electrons than protons
Isotopes - ANSWERSatoms of one element that have different number of neurons in
their nuclei
Active cellular transport - ANSWERSmovement of molecules across a cell membrane
from a region of low concentration to a region of higher concentration -against
concentration gradient. (requires cellular energy to achieve this movement)
primary (Direct) active transport - ANSWERSenergy comes directly from ATP
Secondary (Indirect) active transport - ANSWERSuse potential energy stored in a
concentration gradient and is indirectly driven by energy from ATP
Refractory period - ANSWERSBrief period during which a second action potential
cannot be triggered
relative refractory period - ANSWERShigher than normal graded potential is required to
trigger an action potential
Isotonic muscle contraction - ANSWERScreates force & moves a load
isometric muscle contraction - ANSWERScreates force without moving a load
Intercalated disc - ANSWERSSpecialized cell junctions within the cardiac muscle
myocardial cells linked to one another that contain gap junction that allow depolarization
to spread rapidly from cell to cell
MI - ANSWERSMyocardial infarction
heart attack, damage to myocardial tissues caused by prolonged ichemial/hypoxia
, Isovolumic ventricular systole - ANSWERSWhen ventricles contract with no
corresponding volume change
Cardiac output (CO) - ANSWERSHeart rate & stroke volume is the volume pumped per
ventricle per unit time. (heart rate x stroke volume= cardiac output). Volume of blood
pumped by one ventricle in a given period of time
Angiogenesis: - ANSWERSDevelopment of new blood vessels. process by which new
blood vessels grow and develop especially after birth
Mean Arterial Pressure (MAP) - ANSWERSRepresents the driving pressure for blood
flow (diastolic pressure + 1/3[systolic pressure - diastolic pressure]) ex: BP pf 120/80 is
80 + 1/3 (120-80)= 80+ 1/3(40)= 80+13=93mmHg
Erythropoietin - ANSWERSA hormone secreted by the kidneys that regulates red blood
cell production (primarily in kidneys)
Pulmonary ventilation: - ANSWERSmovement of air into and out of the lungs. breathing;
air flowing into the lungs during inhalation and out of the lungs during expiration.
Surfactant - ANSWERSDecreases surface tension in the fluid lining the alveoli to
prevent smaller alveoli from collapsing.
Daltons Law - ANSWERSThe total pressure of a mixture of gases is the sum of the
pressures of the individual gases in the mixture
Boyles Law - ANSWERSStates that as the volume available to gas increases, the gas
pressure decreases also gas volume is inversely proportional to pressure
Glomerulus - ANSWERSknot of capillaries; filtration
Osmoreceptors - ANSWERSLocated in the hypothalamus; monitor osmolarity
Juxtaglomerular cells - ANSWERS(granular cells) cells in kidney that synthesize, store,
and secrete enzyme renin.
ACE - ANSWERSAngiotensin converting enzyme; converts ANG I to ANG II
Aldosterone - ANSWERSSteroid hormone that increases Na+ and K+ secretion
Chemical digestion - ANSWERSchemical and mechanical breakdown of foods into
absorbable units
Gluconeogenesis - ANSWERSGlucose synthesis from noncarbohydrate precursors,
especially amino acids. A process in which amino acids and glycerol can be converted
to glucose
