Nursing 3 Exam 1 1
Nursing 3 Exam 1
Cellular regulation is the process of cellular responses in order to undergo reproduction,
differentiation, and proliferation
Neoplasm also referred to as a tumor, is an abnormal mass of cells. A neoplasm can be
benign or malignant.
Benign not cancerous; does not metastasize.
Malignant invade and destroy nearby tissues and spread via metastasis.
Metastasis spread of malignant tumor to a location distant to the primary neoplasm
o Accounts for 90% of cancer related deaths
o Natural killer cells and natural killer T cells are the bodies innate defense against
metastasis
Angiogenesis—tumor creates its own blood supply
Anaplasia—Large, variable shaped nuclei because of increased cell division activity
Aneuploidy—abnormal # chromosomes
A compound that reacts with DNA and somehow changes the genetic makeup of the cell
is called a mutagen.
The mutagens that predispose cells to develop tumors are called initiators
Compounds that stimulate tumor development are called promoters.
Cancer Risk factors
o Age
o Heredity
10 – 15% of cancer are inherited (breast, ovarian, colon, prostate,
Wilms’s, retinoblastoma)
o Environment
Pollution
Lead Insecticide, pesticides, asbestos,
Radiation
UV, sun, Xray
Work exposure
Welders, chrome platers, leather tanners (chromium)
o Lifestyle
Red meats
Smoking
Cigarettes
Diet
Risky sexual behaviors
Drug use
Myo-muscle
Myelo—marrow
Myel—spinal cord
, Nursing 3 Exam 1 2
***individual risk factors—smoking, poor nutrition, excess weight, sedentary lifestyle,
environment, genetics****
Cancer
o Leukemia
o Breast cancer
o Prostate cancer
o Lung cancer
o Colon cancer
o Skin cancer
Anemia
o Sickle cell anemia
Treatment for alteration in cellular regulation can include:
o Surgery
o Radiation
o Chemotherapy
o Hormone therapy
o Stem Cell transplantation
o Complementary and Alternative therapy
Everyone has cancer cells they just lie dormant in the body
Women highest risk for breast cancer (non-skin cancer)
Men highest risk for prostate cancer (non-skin)
Second highest incidence for both is lung cancer
Third highest incidence is colon and rectal cancer
Benign—not cancerous, does not spread to other parts of body
o grow locally; causes pressure on vital organs (obstruction, pain, seizures or
overproduction of hormones
o usually painful
o usually does not require intervention (fibroids)
o usually in a capsule; localized
o smooth, movable when palpated
o slow steady growth
Malignant—Invade, destroy tissues and spread to other parts of body
o Metastasis
o Crosses the plane
o Can lead to death without intervention
o More immobile when palpated
Sentinel lymph node: the first lymph node to which cancer cells
are most likely to spread from a primary tumor
SLNB procedure: the sentinel lymph noted is identified, removed,
and examined to determine whether cancer cells are present
Nursing 3 Exam 1
Cellular regulation is the process of cellular responses in order to undergo reproduction,
differentiation, and proliferation
Neoplasm also referred to as a tumor, is an abnormal mass of cells. A neoplasm can be
benign or malignant.
Benign not cancerous; does not metastasize.
Malignant invade and destroy nearby tissues and spread via metastasis.
Metastasis spread of malignant tumor to a location distant to the primary neoplasm
o Accounts for 90% of cancer related deaths
o Natural killer cells and natural killer T cells are the bodies innate defense against
metastasis
Angiogenesis—tumor creates its own blood supply
Anaplasia—Large, variable shaped nuclei because of increased cell division activity
Aneuploidy—abnormal # chromosomes
A compound that reacts with DNA and somehow changes the genetic makeup of the cell
is called a mutagen.
The mutagens that predispose cells to develop tumors are called initiators
Compounds that stimulate tumor development are called promoters.
Cancer Risk factors
o Age
o Heredity
10 – 15% of cancer are inherited (breast, ovarian, colon, prostate,
Wilms’s, retinoblastoma)
o Environment
Pollution
Lead Insecticide, pesticides, asbestos,
Radiation
UV, sun, Xray
Work exposure
Welders, chrome platers, leather tanners (chromium)
o Lifestyle
Red meats
Smoking
Cigarettes
Diet
Risky sexual behaviors
Drug use
Myo-muscle
Myelo—marrow
Myel—spinal cord
, Nursing 3 Exam 1 2
***individual risk factors—smoking, poor nutrition, excess weight, sedentary lifestyle,
environment, genetics****
Cancer
o Leukemia
o Breast cancer
o Prostate cancer
o Lung cancer
o Colon cancer
o Skin cancer
Anemia
o Sickle cell anemia
Treatment for alteration in cellular regulation can include:
o Surgery
o Radiation
o Chemotherapy
o Hormone therapy
o Stem Cell transplantation
o Complementary and Alternative therapy
Everyone has cancer cells they just lie dormant in the body
Women highest risk for breast cancer (non-skin cancer)
Men highest risk for prostate cancer (non-skin)
Second highest incidence for both is lung cancer
Third highest incidence is colon and rectal cancer
Benign—not cancerous, does not spread to other parts of body
o grow locally; causes pressure on vital organs (obstruction, pain, seizures or
overproduction of hormones
o usually painful
o usually does not require intervention (fibroids)
o usually in a capsule; localized
o smooth, movable when palpated
o slow steady growth
Malignant—Invade, destroy tissues and spread to other parts of body
o Metastasis
o Crosses the plane
o Can lead to death without intervention
o More immobile when palpated
Sentinel lymph node: the first lymph node to which cancer cells
are most likely to spread from a primary tumor
SLNB procedure: the sentinel lymph noted is identified, removed,
and examined to determine whether cancer cells are present
