PSB 3002 Exam 3 Questions with
Complete Solutions
motor learning - ANSWER-the establishment of changes within motor systems
following a stimulus, cannot occur with sensory stimulus from the environment
ex. video games controllers, keyboards
Degree to which new forms of behavior are learning in motor learning - ANSWER-
the more novel the behavior, the more neural circuits in the motor systems of the
brain must be modified
Perceptual learning - ANSWER-the ability to learn to recognize stimuli that have
been perceived before
positive reinforcement - ANSWER-Increasing behaviors by presenting positive
stimuli, such as food. A positive reinforcer is any stimulus that, when presented after
a response, strengthens the response.
negative reinforcement - ANSWER-Increasing behaviors by stopping or reducing
negative stimuli, such as shock. A negative reinforcer is any stimulus that, when
removed after a response, strengthens the response. (Note: negative reinforcement
is not punishment.)
punishment - ANSWER-an event that decreases the behavior that it follows
three stages of memory - ANSWER-sensory, short term, long term
sensory memory - ANSWER-information is first processed here, a brief period of
time that the initial sensation of environmental stimuli is initially remembered
Short term/working memory - ANSWER-longer than sensory memory, but still limited
to a few minutes, and is limited to a few items, for example a phone number
Rehearsal - ANSWER-one way short term memory length can be extended
Chunking - ANSWER-grouping pieces of information together
Long term memory - ANSWER-the third and final stage of memory
Two main types of long-term memory - ANSWER-non declarative memory and
declarative memory
nondeclarative memory - ANSWER-memories we are not conscious of or cannot say
out loud, operates automatically
, ex. driving a car or turning the pages of a book
(not thinking about what you are doing but still preforming coordinated movements)
declarative memory - ANSWER-memory of events and facts that we can think and
talk about
two types of declarative memory - ANSWER-semantic and episodic
episodic memories - ANSWER-memories of a collection of perceptions of events
organized in time and identified by a particular context
semantic memory - ANSWER-memories of facts and general information
conditioned emotional response - ANSWER-a learned emotional response to an
aversive or appetitive stimulus
lateral nucleus of the amygdala - ANSWER-where information is received about the
CS and the US
Role of Basal ganglia in operant conditioning - ANSWER--circuits begin in the
sensory association cortex (perception)
-end in the motor association cortex (movements)
-two pathways
1. direct transcortical connections
2. connections via basal ganglia and thalamus
primary motor cortex - ANSWER-responsible for controlling the movements of the
body and is organized somatotopically
Diseases of the basal ganglia - ANSWER-Huntington's disease and Parkinson's
disease both involve degeneration of the basal ganglia
-people who suffer from these diseases experience difficulty in learning automatic
responses
ventral stream - ANSWER-what pathway
dorsal stream - ANSWER-where pathway
Perceptual learning: role of cortex (learning) - ANSWER-in mammals with large and
complex brains, objects are recognized visually by neurons in the extra striate cortex
Perceptual learning: role of cortex (memory) - ANSWER-the MT/MST of the extra
striate is involved in perception of memory
Perceptual learning: retaining perceptual information in short term memory -
ANSWER-extra striate cortex and prefrontal cortex
supplementary motor cortex in motor learning - ANSWER-involves preforming
previously learned, automatic series of behavior
Complete Solutions
motor learning - ANSWER-the establishment of changes within motor systems
following a stimulus, cannot occur with sensory stimulus from the environment
ex. video games controllers, keyboards
Degree to which new forms of behavior are learning in motor learning - ANSWER-
the more novel the behavior, the more neural circuits in the motor systems of the
brain must be modified
Perceptual learning - ANSWER-the ability to learn to recognize stimuli that have
been perceived before
positive reinforcement - ANSWER-Increasing behaviors by presenting positive
stimuli, such as food. A positive reinforcer is any stimulus that, when presented after
a response, strengthens the response.
negative reinforcement - ANSWER-Increasing behaviors by stopping or reducing
negative stimuli, such as shock. A negative reinforcer is any stimulus that, when
removed after a response, strengthens the response. (Note: negative reinforcement
is not punishment.)
punishment - ANSWER-an event that decreases the behavior that it follows
three stages of memory - ANSWER-sensory, short term, long term
sensory memory - ANSWER-information is first processed here, a brief period of
time that the initial sensation of environmental stimuli is initially remembered
Short term/working memory - ANSWER-longer than sensory memory, but still limited
to a few minutes, and is limited to a few items, for example a phone number
Rehearsal - ANSWER-one way short term memory length can be extended
Chunking - ANSWER-grouping pieces of information together
Long term memory - ANSWER-the third and final stage of memory
Two main types of long-term memory - ANSWER-non declarative memory and
declarative memory
nondeclarative memory - ANSWER-memories we are not conscious of or cannot say
out loud, operates automatically
, ex. driving a car or turning the pages of a book
(not thinking about what you are doing but still preforming coordinated movements)
declarative memory - ANSWER-memory of events and facts that we can think and
talk about
two types of declarative memory - ANSWER-semantic and episodic
episodic memories - ANSWER-memories of a collection of perceptions of events
organized in time and identified by a particular context
semantic memory - ANSWER-memories of facts and general information
conditioned emotional response - ANSWER-a learned emotional response to an
aversive or appetitive stimulus
lateral nucleus of the amygdala - ANSWER-where information is received about the
CS and the US
Role of Basal ganglia in operant conditioning - ANSWER--circuits begin in the
sensory association cortex (perception)
-end in the motor association cortex (movements)
-two pathways
1. direct transcortical connections
2. connections via basal ganglia and thalamus
primary motor cortex - ANSWER-responsible for controlling the movements of the
body and is organized somatotopically
Diseases of the basal ganglia - ANSWER-Huntington's disease and Parkinson's
disease both involve degeneration of the basal ganglia
-people who suffer from these diseases experience difficulty in learning automatic
responses
ventral stream - ANSWER-what pathway
dorsal stream - ANSWER-where pathway
Perceptual learning: role of cortex (learning) - ANSWER-in mammals with large and
complex brains, objects are recognized visually by neurons in the extra striate cortex
Perceptual learning: role of cortex (memory) - ANSWER-the MT/MST of the extra
striate is involved in perception of memory
Perceptual learning: retaining perceptual information in short term memory -
ANSWER-extra striate cortex and prefrontal cortex
supplementary motor cortex in motor learning - ANSWER-involves preforming
previously learned, automatic series of behavior
