SPH 200 Study set 2025/26 | Questions and Answers
Verified 100% Correct
what is public health?
the science and art of preventing disease, prolonging life and promoting health through the
organized efforts and informed choices of society, organizations, public and private,
communities and individuals
- emphasizes the promotion of health and populations as a whole
Miasma Theory
belief that diseases such as cholera & Black Death were caused by noxious clouds of "bad air"
describe the seven steps of assessment, planning, action, evaluation
1) Identify gaps that prevent proper action through assesment
2) adapt to the local context
3) assess barriers to knowledge use
4)select, tailor, and implement interventions (use knowledge translation)
5) monitor knowledge use
6) evaluate outcomes
7)sustain knowledge use
Food and Drugs Act
lays foundation for distributing food and drugs safely
health
,The combination of physical, mental/emotional, and social well-being (not just the absence of
disease)
1978 WHO definition of health
level of health that permits people to lead socially and economically productive lives
mortality based measures of health
a binary measurement of health that is often easy to attribute
what are two mortality based measures of health?
infant mortality rates
life expectancy at birth
- lower socioeconomic status & lower education resulted in an increase chance of death
Disability Adjusted Life Year (DALY)
A statistical measure combining in one number years lost to premature mortality and years lived
with disability. One DALY equals one lost year of healthy life.
average life expectancy
the number of years the average newborn in a particular population group is likely to live
65 years in the US (11 yrs are lost to DALY)
biological risk factors
genetic endowment, aging
environmental risk factors
,food, air, water, risk of infectious diseases
Psychosocial risk factors
poverty, stress, personality and culture
absolute wealth
Current market cash value of all of your assets
relative wealth
your wealth compared to others
Gini Coefficient
A measure of income inequality within a population, ranging from zero for complete equality, to
one if one person has all the income.
Epidemiology
the study of distribution and determinants of disease in human populations
determinants of disease
are answered using WHO, WHEN, and WHERE questions
how do epidemiologists study human populations?
observational methods are used more commonly than experimental methods (with the exception
of intervention studies)
intervention studies
, studies the efficacy of a drug or vaccine (like in clinical trials)
has a placebo (control) group & experimental group
is done with randomized double-blind trials
randomized double-blind trials
have participants randomly assigned to the group, neither the patient nor investigator knows
which group which patient is in
cohort studies
exposing a normal (relatively healthy) population to a risk factor, and studying them for many
years to see if exposure has an association with disease
- has no intervention, is just observational
relative risk
The Incidence Rate of a disease in a population exposed to a particular factor ÷ the Incidence
Rate of those not exposed
needs iof a cohort study
time, large population
Case-control study
A type of epidemiologic study where a group of individuals with the diseases, referred to as
cases, are compared to individuals without the disease, referred to as controls
- control for everything as much as possible except for the disease (ie age, gender etc)
Verified 100% Correct
what is public health?
the science and art of preventing disease, prolonging life and promoting health through the
organized efforts and informed choices of society, organizations, public and private,
communities and individuals
- emphasizes the promotion of health and populations as a whole
Miasma Theory
belief that diseases such as cholera & Black Death were caused by noxious clouds of "bad air"
describe the seven steps of assessment, planning, action, evaluation
1) Identify gaps that prevent proper action through assesment
2) adapt to the local context
3) assess barriers to knowledge use
4)select, tailor, and implement interventions (use knowledge translation)
5) monitor knowledge use
6) evaluate outcomes
7)sustain knowledge use
Food and Drugs Act
lays foundation for distributing food and drugs safely
health
,The combination of physical, mental/emotional, and social well-being (not just the absence of
disease)
1978 WHO definition of health
level of health that permits people to lead socially and economically productive lives
mortality based measures of health
a binary measurement of health that is often easy to attribute
what are two mortality based measures of health?
infant mortality rates
life expectancy at birth
- lower socioeconomic status & lower education resulted in an increase chance of death
Disability Adjusted Life Year (DALY)
A statistical measure combining in one number years lost to premature mortality and years lived
with disability. One DALY equals one lost year of healthy life.
average life expectancy
the number of years the average newborn in a particular population group is likely to live
65 years in the US (11 yrs are lost to DALY)
biological risk factors
genetic endowment, aging
environmental risk factors
,food, air, water, risk of infectious diseases
Psychosocial risk factors
poverty, stress, personality and culture
absolute wealth
Current market cash value of all of your assets
relative wealth
your wealth compared to others
Gini Coefficient
A measure of income inequality within a population, ranging from zero for complete equality, to
one if one person has all the income.
Epidemiology
the study of distribution and determinants of disease in human populations
determinants of disease
are answered using WHO, WHEN, and WHERE questions
how do epidemiologists study human populations?
observational methods are used more commonly than experimental methods (with the exception
of intervention studies)
intervention studies
, studies the efficacy of a drug or vaccine (like in clinical trials)
has a placebo (control) group & experimental group
is done with randomized double-blind trials
randomized double-blind trials
have participants randomly assigned to the group, neither the patient nor investigator knows
which group which patient is in
cohort studies
exposing a normal (relatively healthy) population to a risk factor, and studying them for many
years to see if exposure has an association with disease
- has no intervention, is just observational
relative risk
The Incidence Rate of a disease in a population exposed to a particular factor ÷ the Incidence
Rate of those not exposed
needs iof a cohort study
time, large population
Case-control study
A type of epidemiologic study where a group of individuals with the diseases, referred to as
cases, are compared to individuals without the disease, referred to as controls
- control for everything as much as possible except for the disease (ie age, gender etc)
