ZEIGLER BIOL 302 EXAM 1 2025/2026
QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS 100% PASS
Proteins are - ANS the most structurally complex and functionally sophisticated molecules.
The functional unit within the cell - ANS Proteins
Structure protein - ANS provides the cell with shape and structure
Enzymes - ANS catalyze covalent bond breakage or formation
Transport Protein - ANS carries other molecules or ions
Motor protein - ANS generates movement in cells and tissues
Storage protein - ANS Stores small molecules or ions
Signal protein - ANS carries signals from cell to cell
Receptor protein - ANS detects signals and transmits them to the cells machinery
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,Gene regulatory protein - ANS Binds DNA to switch genes on or off
Ex. Structure protein - ANS Tubulin and actin
ex. enzyme - ANS pepsin
ex. transport protein - ANS hemoglobin (oxygen)
ex. motor proteins - ANS myosin
ex. storage protein - ANS ferritin (iron in liver)
ex. signal protein - ANS insulin (glucose levels)
ex. receptor protein - ANS insulin receptor
ex. gene regulatory protein - ANS transcriptional factors (lactose repressor)
Amino Acids are - ANS building blocks that form proteins
monomer - ANS small chemical unit that makes up a protein
Total amino acids - ANS 20
acidic, basic, hydrophobic, hydrophillic, ect. - ANS varying chemical properties of amino acids
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, What is a protein molecule made from - ANS a long chain of amino acids, each linked
through covalent bonding (peptide bond)
Amino acid composition - ANS alpha C, amino group (n-terminus), carboxyl group (C-
terminus), R-group (side chain)
Where are peptide bonds formed on a protein? - ANS On the backbone NOT between R
groups
How are linkages of amino acids formed? - ANS through condensation reaction
condensation reaction - ANS a water molecule is expelled in the formation of the peptide
bond linkage
A protein is made through - ANS the linkage of amino acids to form a polypeptide chain
What do the N-terminus and C-terminus provide - ANS directionality and polarity to the
polypeptide chain
What gives the protein its distinct characteristics - ANS varying chemical properties of the
side chains (r groups)
R-group - ANS side chain
N terminus - ANS amino group
C terminus - ANS carboxyl group
3 @COPYRIGHT 2025/2026 ALLRIGHTS RESERVED
QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS 100% PASS
Proteins are - ANS the most structurally complex and functionally sophisticated molecules.
The functional unit within the cell - ANS Proteins
Structure protein - ANS provides the cell with shape and structure
Enzymes - ANS catalyze covalent bond breakage or formation
Transport Protein - ANS carries other molecules or ions
Motor protein - ANS generates movement in cells and tissues
Storage protein - ANS Stores small molecules or ions
Signal protein - ANS carries signals from cell to cell
Receptor protein - ANS detects signals and transmits them to the cells machinery
1 @COPYRIGHT 2025/2026 ALLRIGHTS RESERVED
,Gene regulatory protein - ANS Binds DNA to switch genes on or off
Ex. Structure protein - ANS Tubulin and actin
ex. enzyme - ANS pepsin
ex. transport protein - ANS hemoglobin (oxygen)
ex. motor proteins - ANS myosin
ex. storage protein - ANS ferritin (iron in liver)
ex. signal protein - ANS insulin (glucose levels)
ex. receptor protein - ANS insulin receptor
ex. gene regulatory protein - ANS transcriptional factors (lactose repressor)
Amino Acids are - ANS building blocks that form proteins
monomer - ANS small chemical unit that makes up a protein
Total amino acids - ANS 20
acidic, basic, hydrophobic, hydrophillic, ect. - ANS varying chemical properties of amino acids
2 @COPYRIGHT 2025/2026 ALLRIGHTS RESERVED
, What is a protein molecule made from - ANS a long chain of amino acids, each linked
through covalent bonding (peptide bond)
Amino acid composition - ANS alpha C, amino group (n-terminus), carboxyl group (C-
terminus), R-group (side chain)
Where are peptide bonds formed on a protein? - ANS On the backbone NOT between R
groups
How are linkages of amino acids formed? - ANS through condensation reaction
condensation reaction - ANS a water molecule is expelled in the formation of the peptide
bond linkage
A protein is made through - ANS the linkage of amino acids to form a polypeptide chain
What do the N-terminus and C-terminus provide - ANS directionality and polarity to the
polypeptide chain
What gives the protein its distinct characteristics - ANS varying chemical properties of the
side chains (r groups)
R-group - ANS side chain
N terminus - ANS amino group
C terminus - ANS carboxyl group
3 @COPYRIGHT 2025/2026 ALLRIGHTS RESERVED
