Test Bank - Biology: Life on Earth
with Physiology, 11th Edition
adenosine triphosphate - ANSWERSa molecule composed of the sugar ribose, the base adenine, and
three phosphate groups; the major energy carrier in cells. The last two phosphate groups are
attached by "high-energy" bonds.
amino acid - ANSWERSthe individual subunit of which proteins are made, composed of a central
carbon atom bonded to an amino group (-NH2), a carboxyl group ( -COOH), a hydrogen atom, and a
variable group of atoms denoted by the letter R
base - ANSWERSa substance capable of combining with and neutralizing H+ ions in a solution; a
solution with a PH greater than 7; (2) one of the nitrogen-containing , single-or double-ringed
structures that distinguishes one nucleotide from another in DNA, the base are
adenine,guanine,cytosine, and thymine.
carbohydrate - ANSWERSa compound composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen, with the
approximate chemical formula (CH2 O)n; includes sugars and starches.
cellulose - ANSWERSan insoluble carbohydrate composed of glucose subunits; forms the cell wall of
plants.
chitin - ANSWERSa compound found in the cell walls of fungi and exoskeletons of insects and some
other arthropods; composed of chains of nitrogen-containing, modified glucose molecules.
dehydration synthesis - ANSWERSa chemical reaction in which two molecules are joined by a
covalent bond with the simultaneous removal of a hydrogen form one molecule and hydroxyl group
from the other, forming water; the reverse of hydrolysis
denature - ANSWERSto disrupt the secondary and/or tertiary structure of a protein while leaving its
amino acid sequence intact. Denatured proteins can no longer perform their biological functions.
deoxyribonucleic acid - ANSWERSa molecule composed of deoxyribose nucleotides; contains the
genetic information of all living cells.
disaccharide - ANSWERSa carbohydrate formed by the covalent bonding of two monosaccharides.
,disulfide bond - ANSWERS...
enzyme - ANSWERSa protein catalyst that speeds up the rate of specific biological reactions.
fat - ANSWERSa lipid composed of three saturated fatty acids covalently bonded to glycerol; solid at
room temperature.
fatty acid - ANSWERSan organic molicule composed of a long chain of carbon atoms, with a
carboxylic acid ( COOH ) group at one end; may be saturated ( all single bonds between the carbon
atoms ) or unsaturated ( one or more double bonds between the carbon atoms)
functional group - ANSWERSone of several groups of atoms commonly found in an organic molecule,
including hydrogen, hydroxyl, amino, carboxyl, and phosphate groups. that determine the
characteristics and chemical reactivity of the molecule.
glucose - ANSWERSthe most common monosaccharide, with the molecular formula C6H12O6; most
polysaccharides, including cellulose, starch, and glycogen, are made of glucose subunits covalently
bonded together.
glycogen - ANSWERSa long, branched polymer of glucose that is stored by animals in the muscles
and lover and metabolized as a source of energy.
helix - ANSWERSa coiled, springlike secondary structure of a protein.
hydrolysis - ANSWERSa chemical reaction that breaks a covalent bond by means of the addition of
hydrogen to the atom on one side of the original bond and a hydroxyl group to the atom on the
other side; the reverse of dehydration synthesis.
inorganic - ANSWERSdescribing any molecule that does not contain both carbon and hydrogen.
lipid - ANSWERSone of a number of organic molecules containing large nonpolar regions composed
solely of carbon and hydrogen, which make lipids hydrophobic and insoluble in water; includes oils,
fats, waxes, phospholipids. and steroids.
, monomer - ANSWERSa small organic molecule. several of which may be bonded together to form a
chain called a polymer.
monosaccharide - ANSWERSthe basic molecular unit of all carbohydrates, normally composed of a
chain of carbon atoms bonded to hydrogen and hydroxyl groups.
nucleic acid - ANSWERSan organic molecule composed of nucleotide subunits; the two common
types of nucleic acids are ribonucleic acid (RNA) and deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)
nucleotide - ANSWERSa subunit of which nucleic acids are composed; a phosphate group bonded to
sugar (deoxyribose in DNA), which is in turn bonded to a nitrogen-containing base (adenine,
guanine, cytosine or thymine in DNA) Nucleotides are linked together, forming a strand of nucleic
acid, as follows; Bonds between the phosphate of one nucleotide link to the sugar of the next
nucleotide.
oil - ANSWERSa lipid composed of three fatty acids, some of which are unsaturated, covalently
bonded to a molecule of glycerol; liquid at room temperature.
organic/ organic molecule - ANSWERSdescribing a molecule that contains both carbon and
hydrogen.
peptide - ANSWERSa chain composed of two or more amino acids linked together by peptide bonds.
peptide bond - ANSWERSthe covalent bond between the amino group's nitrogen of one amino acid
and the carboxyl group's carbon of a second amino acid, joining the two amino acids together in a
peptide or protein.
phospholipid - ANSWERSa lipid consisting of glycerol bonded to two fatty acids and one phosphate
group, which bears another group of atoms, typically charged and containing nitrogen. A double
layer of phospholipids is a component of all cellular membranes.
pleated sheet - ANSWERSa form of secondary structure exhibited by certain proteins,such as silk-by-
side. with hydrogen bonds holding adjacent chains together.
polymer - ANSWERSa molecule composed of three or more ( perhaps thousands) smaller subunits
called monomers, which may be identical (for example, the glucose monomers of starch ) or
different ( for example, the amino acids of a protein),
with Physiology, 11th Edition
adenosine triphosphate - ANSWERSa molecule composed of the sugar ribose, the base adenine, and
three phosphate groups; the major energy carrier in cells. The last two phosphate groups are
attached by "high-energy" bonds.
amino acid - ANSWERSthe individual subunit of which proteins are made, composed of a central
carbon atom bonded to an amino group (-NH2), a carboxyl group ( -COOH), a hydrogen atom, and a
variable group of atoms denoted by the letter R
base - ANSWERSa substance capable of combining with and neutralizing H+ ions in a solution; a
solution with a PH greater than 7; (2) one of the nitrogen-containing , single-or double-ringed
structures that distinguishes one nucleotide from another in DNA, the base are
adenine,guanine,cytosine, and thymine.
carbohydrate - ANSWERSa compound composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen, with the
approximate chemical formula (CH2 O)n; includes sugars and starches.
cellulose - ANSWERSan insoluble carbohydrate composed of glucose subunits; forms the cell wall of
plants.
chitin - ANSWERSa compound found in the cell walls of fungi and exoskeletons of insects and some
other arthropods; composed of chains of nitrogen-containing, modified glucose molecules.
dehydration synthesis - ANSWERSa chemical reaction in which two molecules are joined by a
covalent bond with the simultaneous removal of a hydrogen form one molecule and hydroxyl group
from the other, forming water; the reverse of hydrolysis
denature - ANSWERSto disrupt the secondary and/or tertiary structure of a protein while leaving its
amino acid sequence intact. Denatured proteins can no longer perform their biological functions.
deoxyribonucleic acid - ANSWERSa molecule composed of deoxyribose nucleotides; contains the
genetic information of all living cells.
disaccharide - ANSWERSa carbohydrate formed by the covalent bonding of two monosaccharides.
,disulfide bond - ANSWERS...
enzyme - ANSWERSa protein catalyst that speeds up the rate of specific biological reactions.
fat - ANSWERSa lipid composed of three saturated fatty acids covalently bonded to glycerol; solid at
room temperature.
fatty acid - ANSWERSan organic molicule composed of a long chain of carbon atoms, with a
carboxylic acid ( COOH ) group at one end; may be saturated ( all single bonds between the carbon
atoms ) or unsaturated ( one or more double bonds between the carbon atoms)
functional group - ANSWERSone of several groups of atoms commonly found in an organic molecule,
including hydrogen, hydroxyl, amino, carboxyl, and phosphate groups. that determine the
characteristics and chemical reactivity of the molecule.
glucose - ANSWERSthe most common monosaccharide, with the molecular formula C6H12O6; most
polysaccharides, including cellulose, starch, and glycogen, are made of glucose subunits covalently
bonded together.
glycogen - ANSWERSa long, branched polymer of glucose that is stored by animals in the muscles
and lover and metabolized as a source of energy.
helix - ANSWERSa coiled, springlike secondary structure of a protein.
hydrolysis - ANSWERSa chemical reaction that breaks a covalent bond by means of the addition of
hydrogen to the atom on one side of the original bond and a hydroxyl group to the atom on the
other side; the reverse of dehydration synthesis.
inorganic - ANSWERSdescribing any molecule that does not contain both carbon and hydrogen.
lipid - ANSWERSone of a number of organic molecules containing large nonpolar regions composed
solely of carbon and hydrogen, which make lipids hydrophobic and insoluble in water; includes oils,
fats, waxes, phospholipids. and steroids.
, monomer - ANSWERSa small organic molecule. several of which may be bonded together to form a
chain called a polymer.
monosaccharide - ANSWERSthe basic molecular unit of all carbohydrates, normally composed of a
chain of carbon atoms bonded to hydrogen and hydroxyl groups.
nucleic acid - ANSWERSan organic molecule composed of nucleotide subunits; the two common
types of nucleic acids are ribonucleic acid (RNA) and deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)
nucleotide - ANSWERSa subunit of which nucleic acids are composed; a phosphate group bonded to
sugar (deoxyribose in DNA), which is in turn bonded to a nitrogen-containing base (adenine,
guanine, cytosine or thymine in DNA) Nucleotides are linked together, forming a strand of nucleic
acid, as follows; Bonds between the phosphate of one nucleotide link to the sugar of the next
nucleotide.
oil - ANSWERSa lipid composed of three fatty acids, some of which are unsaturated, covalently
bonded to a molecule of glycerol; liquid at room temperature.
organic/ organic molecule - ANSWERSdescribing a molecule that contains both carbon and
hydrogen.
peptide - ANSWERSa chain composed of two or more amino acids linked together by peptide bonds.
peptide bond - ANSWERSthe covalent bond between the amino group's nitrogen of one amino acid
and the carboxyl group's carbon of a second amino acid, joining the two amino acids together in a
peptide or protein.
phospholipid - ANSWERSa lipid consisting of glycerol bonded to two fatty acids and one phosphate
group, which bears another group of atoms, typically charged and containing nitrogen. A double
layer of phospholipids is a component of all cellular membranes.
pleated sheet - ANSWERSa form of secondary structure exhibited by certain proteins,such as silk-by-
side. with hydrogen bonds holding adjacent chains together.
polymer - ANSWERSa molecule composed of three or more ( perhaps thousands) smaller subunits
called monomers, which may be identical (for example, the glucose monomers of starch ) or
different ( for example, the amino acids of a protein),
