NSG 5003 Pathophysiology Review Questions 2 (latest) – South University (A grade) | NSG5003 Pathophysiology Review Questions 2 (latest

NSG 5003 Pathophysiology Review Questions 2 (latest) – South University (A grade) Pathophysiology Review Questions 2 What term is used to identify the condition that exists when the urethral meatus is located on the undersurface of the penis? a. Hypospadias c. Hyperspadias b. Epispadias d. Chordee What initiates inflammation in acute poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis? Lysosomal enzymes Endotoxins from Streptococcus Immune complexes Immunoglobulin E (IgE)–mediated response Acute glomerulonephritis (AGN) may be accompanied by a positive throat or skin culture for which bacteria? a. Staphylococcus aureus c. Pseudomonas aeruginosa b. Streptococcus d. Haemophilus What is the cause of smoky, brown-colored urine resulting from acute poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis? a. Presence of red blood cells c. Slough from the collecting tubules b. Presence of urobilinogen d. Protein in the urine . In immunoglobulin G (IgG) nephropathies such as glomerulonephritis, IgG is deposited in which location? Juxtamedullary nephrons Glomerulus basement membranes Mesangium of the glomerular capillaries Parietal epithelium What is the pathophysiologic process responsible for the autoimmune disorder of hemolytic-uremic syndrome (HUS)? Immunoglobulin A (IgA) coats erythrocytes that are destroyed by the spleen, and remnants are excreted through the kidneys. Verotoxin from Escherichia coli is absorbed from the intestines and damages erythrocytes and endothelial cells. Endotoxins from E. coli block the erythropoietin produced by the kidneys, which reduces the number of erythrocytes produced by the bone marrow. Failure of the nephron to filter urea increases the blood urea nitrogen, which binds to erythrocytes that are subsequently destroyed by the spleen. What is the first indication of nephrotic syndrome in children? a. Periorbital edema c. Frothy urine b. Scrotal or labial edema d. Ascites Bacteria gain access to the female urinary tract by which means? Systemic blood that is filtered through the kidney Bacteria traveling from the lymph adjacent to the bladder and kidneys Bacteria ascending the urethra into the bladder Colonization of the bladder when urine is static What causes vesicoureteral reflux to occur in children? Children do not ask for help in urinating in a timely manner, and urine is forced up into the ureters. The submucosal segment of a child’s ureter is short, making the antireflux mechanism inefficient. The trigone lying between the opening to the ureters and the urethra is underdeveloped in children. As the bladder fills in infants and children, it pulls the smooth lining of the transitional epithelium away from the ureters, making the reflux valves ineffective. What is the mechanism for developing Wilms tumor? The development of a Wilms tumor involves tumor-suppressor genes located on chromosome 11. Development involves an autosomal dominant inherited disorder involving the Y chromosome. Wilms tumor is an autoimmune disorder. The development of a Wilms tumor is a congenital anomaly. Which anomaly is often associated with Wilms tumor? a. Renal anaplasia c. Anemia b. Aniridia d. Hypothyroidism When does an individual have their full complement of renal nephrons? a. At birth c. At puberty b. At 6 months of age d. Between the ages 18 and 21 years