NGR6141 Exam 3 Objectives Questions and
Answers
1. Be able to identify the location of the tricuspid, pulmonic, mitral,
aortic valve and how they function. What causes the valves to open and
close?: - Valves open and close due to pressure gradients
- Four Valves, two kinds of valves:
1. Atrioventricular Valves: one way flow of blood from atrium to ventricle
(a) Tricuspid - (has 3 cusps), Rt valve between the RA and RV
(b) Mitral - (bicuspid), found between LA and LV
2. Semilunar Valves: one way flow from ventricles to either the PA or to the Aorta
(a) Pulmonic - blood goes from RV to PA
- when this valve is open, the AV is closed
(b) Aortic - blood from LV goes into the Aorta
2. The Pericardium:
1) describe
2) 3 functions
3) name 2 layers: A double walled membrane sac that encloses the
epicardium, myocardium and the endocardium is called the .
It has 3 Functions:
1. Prevents displacement of heart during gravitational acceleration,
deceleration
2. Acts as a physical barrier that protects the heart against infection and
inflammation from the lungs and plural space
3. Contains pain receptors and mechanoreceptors that can elicit reflex
changes in B/P and HR
C) Has 2 Layers:
1. Parietal - outer layers, surface layer of mesothelium over a thin layer o
connective tissue
, NGR6141 Exam 3 Objectives Questions and
Answers
2. Visceral (Epicardium) - inner layer
-Layers separated by pericardial cavity that contains 20ml of pericardial
fluid
3. 2a) Atrioventricular Valves: one way flow of blood from atrium to
ventricle
(a)Tricuspid
(b)Mitral: 2a) The valve has 3 cusps, and is located between the RA and the RV
, NGR6141 Exam 3 Objectives Questions and
Answers
2b) The valve has 2 leaflets and is found between LA and LV
4. a) Semilunar Valves:
b) Pulmonic
c)Aortic: a) Valves that allow one way flow from ventricles to either the PA or to the Aorta are called th
valves. There are two kinds called (b) and (c)
b) The valve allows blood to go from RV to PA, when this valve is open, the AV is
closed
c) The valve allows blood from LV to go into the Aorta
5. "Atrial kick": LA contraction [SYSTOLE] allows a significant INCREASE in the amt of blood entering
the LV at the end of its contraction [DIASTOLE]
6. A) Right Coronary Artery
(1)Conus branch
(2)Rt Marginal Branch
(3)Posterior Descending Artery (PDA): A) The
originates from an ostium behind the aortic cusp and travels behind the Pulm artery (PA), it extends around
the right heart to the hearts' posterior surface where it branches into the RA and RV area.
- Has three branches:
(1) The branch supplies blood to the RV.
(2) The branch crosses through the RV to the apex
(3) The Artery lies in the post interventricular sulcus
and supplies smaller branches to both ventricles
, NGR6141 Exam 3 Objectives Questions and
Answers
7. (1) Left Anterior Descending (LAD)
(2) Circumflex Artery (CX): (1) The Artery
delivers blood to the LA and RV and much of the Septum. It originates from a single ostium behind the
left cusp of the AV and it passes between the LA appendage and the PA.
(2) The Artery supplies the LA and the Lateral wall of the LV, often branches into
the posterior surface of the LA and LV Lateral wall.
8. Frank Starling Law: The Law is
the volume of blood in the heart at the end of DIASTOLE (length of its muscle fibers) that is directly r/t
to the force of contraction during the next SYSTOLE.
-Myocardial stretch determines the force of myocardial contraction
-The more stretch = the more incr force of contraction
9. Know the major changes of aging related to the cardiovascular
system: -
Myocardial and blood vessel stittening
o r/t cross-linking of collagen
o increase in collagen
o disposition of Ca+
o change in elastin
o change in extracellular matrix
o reactive oxygen species
-Changes in neurogenic control over vascular tone
-Incr occurrence of atrial fibrillation
-Loss of exercise capacity
-Left LV hypertrophy and fibrosis
10. a) Atherosclerosis (define)
b) Cytokines
Answers
1. Be able to identify the location of the tricuspid, pulmonic, mitral,
aortic valve and how they function. What causes the valves to open and
close?: - Valves open and close due to pressure gradients
- Four Valves, two kinds of valves:
1. Atrioventricular Valves: one way flow of blood from atrium to ventricle
(a) Tricuspid - (has 3 cusps), Rt valve between the RA and RV
(b) Mitral - (bicuspid), found between LA and LV
2. Semilunar Valves: one way flow from ventricles to either the PA or to the Aorta
(a) Pulmonic - blood goes from RV to PA
- when this valve is open, the AV is closed
(b) Aortic - blood from LV goes into the Aorta
2. The Pericardium:
1) describe
2) 3 functions
3) name 2 layers: A double walled membrane sac that encloses the
epicardium, myocardium and the endocardium is called the .
It has 3 Functions:
1. Prevents displacement of heart during gravitational acceleration,
deceleration
2. Acts as a physical barrier that protects the heart against infection and
inflammation from the lungs and plural space
3. Contains pain receptors and mechanoreceptors that can elicit reflex
changes in B/P and HR
C) Has 2 Layers:
1. Parietal - outer layers, surface layer of mesothelium over a thin layer o
connective tissue
, NGR6141 Exam 3 Objectives Questions and
Answers
2. Visceral (Epicardium) - inner layer
-Layers separated by pericardial cavity that contains 20ml of pericardial
fluid
3. 2a) Atrioventricular Valves: one way flow of blood from atrium to
ventricle
(a)Tricuspid
(b)Mitral: 2a) The valve has 3 cusps, and is located between the RA and the RV
, NGR6141 Exam 3 Objectives Questions and
Answers
2b) The valve has 2 leaflets and is found between LA and LV
4. a) Semilunar Valves:
b) Pulmonic
c)Aortic: a) Valves that allow one way flow from ventricles to either the PA or to the Aorta are called th
valves. There are two kinds called (b) and (c)
b) The valve allows blood to go from RV to PA, when this valve is open, the AV is
closed
c) The valve allows blood from LV to go into the Aorta
5. "Atrial kick": LA contraction [SYSTOLE] allows a significant INCREASE in the amt of blood entering
the LV at the end of its contraction [DIASTOLE]
6. A) Right Coronary Artery
(1)Conus branch
(2)Rt Marginal Branch
(3)Posterior Descending Artery (PDA): A) The
originates from an ostium behind the aortic cusp and travels behind the Pulm artery (PA), it extends around
the right heart to the hearts' posterior surface where it branches into the RA and RV area.
- Has three branches:
(1) The branch supplies blood to the RV.
(2) The branch crosses through the RV to the apex
(3) The Artery lies in the post interventricular sulcus
and supplies smaller branches to both ventricles
, NGR6141 Exam 3 Objectives Questions and
Answers
7. (1) Left Anterior Descending (LAD)
(2) Circumflex Artery (CX): (1) The Artery
delivers blood to the LA and RV and much of the Septum. It originates from a single ostium behind the
left cusp of the AV and it passes between the LA appendage and the PA.
(2) The Artery supplies the LA and the Lateral wall of the LV, often branches into
the posterior surface of the LA and LV Lateral wall.
8. Frank Starling Law: The Law is
the volume of blood in the heart at the end of DIASTOLE (length of its muscle fibers) that is directly r/t
to the force of contraction during the next SYSTOLE.
-Myocardial stretch determines the force of myocardial contraction
-The more stretch = the more incr force of contraction
9. Know the major changes of aging related to the cardiovascular
system: -
Myocardial and blood vessel stittening
o r/t cross-linking of collagen
o increase in collagen
o disposition of Ca+
o change in elastin
o change in extracellular matrix
o reactive oxygen species
-Changes in neurogenic control over vascular tone
-Incr occurrence of atrial fibrillation
-Loss of exercise capacity
-Left LV hypertrophy and fibrosis
10. a) Atherosclerosis (define)
b) Cytokines
