NUR 2115 EXAM 2 2025/2026 QUESTIONS
AND ANSWERS 100% PASS
Renal failure - ANS A reduction (or absence) of kidney function
Acid base balance
Water removal
Erythropoesis
Toxin Removal
Blood pressure control
Electrolyte balance
Vitamin D activation - ANS Functions of the Kidney:
Acronym for "A WET BED"
CKD - ANS Type of Renal Failure:
Kidney damage or a decrease in the glomerular filtration rate (GFR) lasting for 3 or more
months
-GFR <60 ml/min/1.73 m2 for 3 or more months
-May result from Diabetes, cardiovascular disease, HTN, and obesity, glomulerulonephritis and
polynephritis; polycystic, hereditary, or congenital disorders; and renal cancer
-Associated disease processes:Nephrosclerosis and Primary glomular disease
-If untreated, can result in end-stage kidney disease (ESKD)
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,Inflammation
GFR
BUN and creatinine
Anemia, metabolic acidosis, imbalanced calcium and phosphorus, fluid retention -
ANS Pathophysiology of CKD:
Linked to prolonged acute ___________________
-As the nephrons are damaged, the _______________ begins to decline
-Waste products in the blood begin to build up:________________ and _________________
-Renal function declines --> Leading to _________________, _________________,
____________________, _________________
Mild to no symptoms
May develop azotemia
ESKD - ANS Stages of CKD:
Stage 1-2: ____________________________
Stage 3-4:____________________________
Stage 5:______________________________
125 - ANS Normal GFR?
Stage 1 - ANS Stage of CKD:
GFR: 90 or above
Kidney damage with normal or increased GFR
Stage 2 - ANS Stage of CKD:
GFR: 60-89
Kidney damage with mild decrease in GFR
Stage 3 - ANS Stage of CKD:
2 @COPYRIGHT 2025/2026 ALLRIGHTS RESERVED
,GFR: 30-59
Moderate decrease in GFR
Stage 4 - ANS Stage of CKD:
GFR: 15-29
Severe decrease in GFR
Stage 5 - ANS Stage of CKD:
GFR: Less than 15 or dialysis/ kidney transplant
ESKD or chronic renal failure
Primary Glomerular Disease - ANS Associated Disease Process of CKD:
Diseases that destroy the glomerulus of the kidney
Antigen antibody complexes formed in the blood become trapped in glomerular capillaries,
leading to inflammation and glomerular destruction
Symptoms include: proteinuria, hematuria, decreased GFR, decreased excretion of Na+, edema,
and HTN
Nephrosclerosis - ANS Associated Disease Process of CKD:
Hardening of the renal arteries, reducing blood flow to the kidneys
Leads to necrosis of renal parenchyma, fibrosis, and glomerular destruction
Acute Nephritic Syndrome - ANS Primary Glomerular Disease:
Renal failure with glomerular inflammation
Glomerulonephritis - ANS Primary Glomerular Disease:
Inflammation of glomerular capillaries (acute or chronic)
3 @COPYRIGHT 2025/2026 ALLRIGHTS RESERVED
, Acute Glomerulonephritis - ANS Associated Disease Process of CKD:
Develops suddenly (days to weeks)
Inflammation of the glomerular capillaries
Caused by previous infections or illnesses- strep throat, viral URI, chicken pox, lupus
Symptoms include: Hematuria, edema , azotemia or proteinuria
Chronic Glomerulonephritis - ANS Associated Disease Process of CKD:
Develops over time (over months or years)
Repeated insults to the glomeruli causes scar tissue and atrophy of the cortex
Caused by repeated episodes of nephritic syndrome, hypertensive nephrosclerosis,
hyperlipidemia, lupus, goodpasture syndrome, or diabetes
"Silent S&S": HTN, elevated BUN or creatinine, imbalanced electrolytes
Generalized symptoms: Wt. loss, nocturia, headaches, digestive disturbances
Progressive kidney damage: Anemia, poorly nourished, grayish skin color, edema,
cardiomegaly, respiratory (fluid build up)
Nephrotic Syndrome - ANS Associated Disease Process of CKD:
A group of clinical manifestations due to protein wasting through damaged glomeruli
Damaged glomeruli capillaries become permeable to protein resulting in protein loss in the
urine
Hypoalbuminemia develops and causes a decrease serum osmotic pressure which causes fluid
shift
4 @COPYRIGHT 2025/2026 ALLRIGHTS RESERVED
AND ANSWERS 100% PASS
Renal failure - ANS A reduction (or absence) of kidney function
Acid base balance
Water removal
Erythropoesis
Toxin Removal
Blood pressure control
Electrolyte balance
Vitamin D activation - ANS Functions of the Kidney:
Acronym for "A WET BED"
CKD - ANS Type of Renal Failure:
Kidney damage or a decrease in the glomerular filtration rate (GFR) lasting for 3 or more
months
-GFR <60 ml/min/1.73 m2 for 3 or more months
-May result from Diabetes, cardiovascular disease, HTN, and obesity, glomulerulonephritis and
polynephritis; polycystic, hereditary, or congenital disorders; and renal cancer
-Associated disease processes:Nephrosclerosis and Primary glomular disease
-If untreated, can result in end-stage kidney disease (ESKD)
1 @COPYRIGHT 2025/2026 ALLRIGHTS RESERVED
,Inflammation
GFR
BUN and creatinine
Anemia, metabolic acidosis, imbalanced calcium and phosphorus, fluid retention -
ANS Pathophysiology of CKD:
Linked to prolonged acute ___________________
-As the nephrons are damaged, the _______________ begins to decline
-Waste products in the blood begin to build up:________________ and _________________
-Renal function declines --> Leading to _________________, _________________,
____________________, _________________
Mild to no symptoms
May develop azotemia
ESKD - ANS Stages of CKD:
Stage 1-2: ____________________________
Stage 3-4:____________________________
Stage 5:______________________________
125 - ANS Normal GFR?
Stage 1 - ANS Stage of CKD:
GFR: 90 or above
Kidney damage with normal or increased GFR
Stage 2 - ANS Stage of CKD:
GFR: 60-89
Kidney damage with mild decrease in GFR
Stage 3 - ANS Stage of CKD:
2 @COPYRIGHT 2025/2026 ALLRIGHTS RESERVED
,GFR: 30-59
Moderate decrease in GFR
Stage 4 - ANS Stage of CKD:
GFR: 15-29
Severe decrease in GFR
Stage 5 - ANS Stage of CKD:
GFR: Less than 15 or dialysis/ kidney transplant
ESKD or chronic renal failure
Primary Glomerular Disease - ANS Associated Disease Process of CKD:
Diseases that destroy the glomerulus of the kidney
Antigen antibody complexes formed in the blood become trapped in glomerular capillaries,
leading to inflammation and glomerular destruction
Symptoms include: proteinuria, hematuria, decreased GFR, decreased excretion of Na+, edema,
and HTN
Nephrosclerosis - ANS Associated Disease Process of CKD:
Hardening of the renal arteries, reducing blood flow to the kidneys
Leads to necrosis of renal parenchyma, fibrosis, and glomerular destruction
Acute Nephritic Syndrome - ANS Primary Glomerular Disease:
Renal failure with glomerular inflammation
Glomerulonephritis - ANS Primary Glomerular Disease:
Inflammation of glomerular capillaries (acute or chronic)
3 @COPYRIGHT 2025/2026 ALLRIGHTS RESERVED
, Acute Glomerulonephritis - ANS Associated Disease Process of CKD:
Develops suddenly (days to weeks)
Inflammation of the glomerular capillaries
Caused by previous infections or illnesses- strep throat, viral URI, chicken pox, lupus
Symptoms include: Hematuria, edema , azotemia or proteinuria
Chronic Glomerulonephritis - ANS Associated Disease Process of CKD:
Develops over time (over months or years)
Repeated insults to the glomeruli causes scar tissue and atrophy of the cortex
Caused by repeated episodes of nephritic syndrome, hypertensive nephrosclerosis,
hyperlipidemia, lupus, goodpasture syndrome, or diabetes
"Silent S&S": HTN, elevated BUN or creatinine, imbalanced electrolytes
Generalized symptoms: Wt. loss, nocturia, headaches, digestive disturbances
Progressive kidney damage: Anemia, poorly nourished, grayish skin color, edema,
cardiomegaly, respiratory (fluid build up)
Nephrotic Syndrome - ANS Associated Disease Process of CKD:
A group of clinical manifestations due to protein wasting through damaged glomeruli
Damaged glomeruli capillaries become permeable to protein resulting in protein loss in the
urine
Hypoalbuminemia develops and causes a decrease serum osmotic pressure which causes fluid
shift
4 @COPYRIGHT 2025/2026 ALLRIGHTS RESERVED
