Anatomy and Physiology 1 Exam 1
anatomy - answer-study of structure and form; derived from Greek word Anatome which means
to cut apart or dissect; Anatomists study structure and form of organisms studying the
relationships among parts of the body and the structure of individual organs
physiology - answer-the study of function of the body parts; physiologists examine how organs
and body systems function under normal circumstances as well as how their functions are
altered with medication or disease
branches of anatomy - answer-microscopic- structures that cannot be observed to the unaided
eye
(cytology- study of body cells and their internal structure;
histology- study of tissues)
gross anatomy- structures that can be observed to the unaided eye,; macroscopic
(systemic anatomy- anatomy of each body system;
regional anatomy- examines all of the structures in a particular region of the body as a complete
unit)
embryology - answer-discipline concerned with developmental changes occurring from
conception to birth
comparative A&P - answer-examines similarities and differences of anatomy and physiology of
different species
pathophysiology - answer-relationship between the functioning of an organ system and disease
or injury to that organ system
basic qualities of life - answer-organization- each organism has a complex structure and order
metabolism- the sum of all chemical reactions to occur within a body; anabolism (smaller
molecules form larger) and catabolism (larger molecules are broken down to smaller)
growth and development- each organism assimilates materials from its environment and often
grows and develops
responsiveness- ability to sense and react to stimuli
regulation- ability to adjust or direct internal bodily function in the face of environmental
changes- homeostasis- ability of an organism to maintain a consistent internal environment
organization of the human body - answer-chemical level- consists of atoms, molecules,
macromolecules, and organelles
cell level- consists of cells, made up of structures and molecules from chemical level
tissue level- made up of tissues which are made of cells
organ level- made up of organs made up of 2-3 tissue types that work together for specific,
complex functions
organ system level- organs that work together to coordinate activities and achieve a common
function
, anterior - answer-in front of
posterior - answer-in back of
dorsal - answer-on the backside of the human body
ventral - answer-on the belly side of the human body
superior - answer-closer to the head
inferior - answer-closer to the feet
deep - answer-on the inside
superficial - answer-on the outside
homeostasis - answer-refers to the ability of an organism to maintain a consistent internal
environment or "steady state"; for example if the body gets hot due to external temperature, the
body maintains a steady state by circulating more blood toward the surface to facilitate heat
loss; nervous system regulating blood pressure when you get out of bed in the morning
receptor- detects changes in variable; either substance or process stimulus
control center - interprets input from the receptor and initiates change through the effector;
parathyroid hormone monitors calcium levels
effector- structure that brings about the change to alter the stimulus; muscles in the lungs that
bring air flow
positive feedback - answer-set point-- what is normal
action occurs that reinforces the response; mother breast feeds baby: suckling causes receptors
to signal to hypothalamus to release oxytocin causing breast tissue to produce milk
negative feedback - answer-detecting a change and then initiating the opposite response to
return to the set point (if it's hot, bringing heat to the surface of the skin so the body loses heat,
if cold withdrawing blood to vessels, skeletal muscles shiver, no sweat, withdraw foot when
stepping on glass)
atoms - answer-protons (+1 charge), neutrons, and electrons (very little weight)
atomic number is based on protons
amu is based on protons and neutrons
types of chemical bonds - answer-ionic bond- bond that transfers electrons, stronger; form salts
covalent bond- bond that shares electrons, weaker, can be single, double, triple; form molecular
compounds
anatomy - answer-study of structure and form; derived from Greek word Anatome which means
to cut apart or dissect; Anatomists study structure and form of organisms studying the
relationships among parts of the body and the structure of individual organs
physiology - answer-the study of function of the body parts; physiologists examine how organs
and body systems function under normal circumstances as well as how their functions are
altered with medication or disease
branches of anatomy - answer-microscopic- structures that cannot be observed to the unaided
eye
(cytology- study of body cells and their internal structure;
histology- study of tissues)
gross anatomy- structures that can be observed to the unaided eye,; macroscopic
(systemic anatomy- anatomy of each body system;
regional anatomy- examines all of the structures in a particular region of the body as a complete
unit)
embryology - answer-discipline concerned with developmental changes occurring from
conception to birth
comparative A&P - answer-examines similarities and differences of anatomy and physiology of
different species
pathophysiology - answer-relationship between the functioning of an organ system and disease
or injury to that organ system
basic qualities of life - answer-organization- each organism has a complex structure and order
metabolism- the sum of all chemical reactions to occur within a body; anabolism (smaller
molecules form larger) and catabolism (larger molecules are broken down to smaller)
growth and development- each organism assimilates materials from its environment and often
grows and develops
responsiveness- ability to sense and react to stimuli
regulation- ability to adjust or direct internal bodily function in the face of environmental
changes- homeostasis- ability of an organism to maintain a consistent internal environment
organization of the human body - answer-chemical level- consists of atoms, molecules,
macromolecules, and organelles
cell level- consists of cells, made up of structures and molecules from chemical level
tissue level- made up of tissues which are made of cells
organ level- made up of organs made up of 2-3 tissue types that work together for specific,
complex functions
organ system level- organs that work together to coordinate activities and achieve a common
function
, anterior - answer-in front of
posterior - answer-in back of
dorsal - answer-on the backside of the human body
ventral - answer-on the belly side of the human body
superior - answer-closer to the head
inferior - answer-closer to the feet
deep - answer-on the inside
superficial - answer-on the outside
homeostasis - answer-refers to the ability of an organism to maintain a consistent internal
environment or "steady state"; for example if the body gets hot due to external temperature, the
body maintains a steady state by circulating more blood toward the surface to facilitate heat
loss; nervous system regulating blood pressure when you get out of bed in the morning
receptor- detects changes in variable; either substance or process stimulus
control center - interprets input from the receptor and initiates change through the effector;
parathyroid hormone monitors calcium levels
effector- structure that brings about the change to alter the stimulus; muscles in the lungs that
bring air flow
positive feedback - answer-set point-- what is normal
action occurs that reinforces the response; mother breast feeds baby: suckling causes receptors
to signal to hypothalamus to release oxytocin causing breast tissue to produce milk
negative feedback - answer-detecting a change and then initiating the opposite response to
return to the set point (if it's hot, bringing heat to the surface of the skin so the body loses heat,
if cold withdrawing blood to vessels, skeletal muscles shiver, no sweat, withdraw foot when
stepping on glass)
atoms - answer-protons (+1 charge), neutrons, and electrons (very little weight)
atomic number is based on protons
amu is based on protons and neutrons
types of chemical bonds - answer-ionic bond- bond that transfers electrons, stronger; form salts
covalent bond- bond that shares electrons, weaker, can be single, double, triple; form molecular
compounds
