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BIOD 331 exam 1 Newest 2025/2026 Complete
Questions And 100%Correct Answers (Verified And
Graded A+)
What is nervous tissue? - ANSWER-Nervous tissue: found
throughout body and used for communication between
peripheral tissues and central nervous system. Senses
and moves about the environment. Two types of cells: glial
(supporting neurons) and neurons (function in
communication)
What is atrophy and what causes it? - ANSWER-Atrophy
is the decrease of an organ or tissue due to a decrease in
the mass of pre-existing cells. Can be caused by disuse,
nutritional or oxygen deprivation, aging, diminished
endocrine stimulation, or denervation.
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Give an example of a disease that results from inactive
lysosomes - ANSWER-Tay-Sachs disease
What is heterophagy? - ANSWER-Digestion of a
substance phagocytosed (ingest or engulf) from outside of
the cell
What is autophagy? - ANSWER-Digestion of damaged
cellular organelles which lysosomes must remove in order
for the cell to function properly
What is the definition of "pathophysiology"? - ANSWER-
Pathophysiology is defined as not only the cellular and
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organ changes that occur with disease, but also the effects
that these changes have on total body function.
Name the 5 etiologic factors and give an example if listed.
- ANSWER-Etiologic factors are the causes of a disease.
1. Physical forces: trauma, burns, etc
2. Chemical agents: poisons, alcohol
3. Biological agents: bacteria, viruses
4. Genetic predisposition: inherent genes from both
parents but you don't necessarily develop the disease but
are predispositioned to it
5. Nutritional excess or deficiencies: Iodine deficiency can
lead to hypothyroidism. Nutritional excess in
carbohydrates can lead to irritable bowel syndrome.
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What are the 2 types of risk factors? - ANSWER-
Congenital: present at birth
Acquired: occur after birth
What is the difference between morphology and histology?
- ANSWER-Morphology is defined as the fundamental
structure or form of cells or tissues. Histology is the study
of the cells and extracellular matrix of body tissues.
Describe the difference between signs and symptoms and
give an example of each. - ANSWER-These both relate to
manifestations of a disease. Signs is an objective
manifestation while symptoms are a subjective complaint.
BIOD 331 exam 1 Newest 2025/2026 Complete
Questions And 100%Correct Answers (Verified And
Graded A+)
What is nervous tissue? - ANSWER-Nervous tissue: found
throughout body and used for communication between
peripheral tissues and central nervous system. Senses
and moves about the environment. Two types of cells: glial
(supporting neurons) and neurons (function in
communication)
What is atrophy and what causes it? - ANSWER-Atrophy
is the decrease of an organ or tissue due to a decrease in
the mass of pre-existing cells. Can be caused by disuse,
nutritional or oxygen deprivation, aging, diminished
endocrine stimulation, or denervation.
,2|Page
Give an example of a disease that results from inactive
lysosomes - ANSWER-Tay-Sachs disease
What is heterophagy? - ANSWER-Digestion of a
substance phagocytosed (ingest or engulf) from outside of
the cell
What is autophagy? - ANSWER-Digestion of damaged
cellular organelles which lysosomes must remove in order
for the cell to function properly
What is the definition of "pathophysiology"? - ANSWER-
Pathophysiology is defined as not only the cellular and
,3|Page
organ changes that occur with disease, but also the effects
that these changes have on total body function.
Name the 5 etiologic factors and give an example if listed.
- ANSWER-Etiologic factors are the causes of a disease.
1. Physical forces: trauma, burns, etc
2. Chemical agents: poisons, alcohol
3. Biological agents: bacteria, viruses
4. Genetic predisposition: inherent genes from both
parents but you don't necessarily develop the disease but
are predispositioned to it
5. Nutritional excess or deficiencies: Iodine deficiency can
lead to hypothyroidism. Nutritional excess in
carbohydrates can lead to irritable bowel syndrome.
, 4|Page
What are the 2 types of risk factors? - ANSWER-
Congenital: present at birth
Acquired: occur after birth
What is the difference between morphology and histology?
- ANSWER-Morphology is defined as the fundamental
structure or form of cells or tissues. Histology is the study
of the cells and extracellular matrix of body tissues.
Describe the difference between signs and symptoms and
give an example of each. - ANSWER-These both relate to
manifestations of a disease. Signs is an objective
manifestation while symptoms are a subjective complaint.
