A Concise Introduction to Logic 12th
edition Exam
With answers
A proposition - answer-a categorical proposition having the form "All S are P"
Accident - answer-an informal fallacy that occurs when a general rule is wrongly applied to an
atypical specific case
Ad hominem abusive - answer-a variety of the argument-against-the-person fallacy that occurs
when an arguer verbally abuses a second arguer for the purpose of discrediting that person's
argument
Ad hominem circumstantial - answer-a variety of the argument-against-the-person fallacy that
occurs when an arguer cites circumstances that affect a second arguer, for the purpose of
discrediting that person's argument
Addition - answer-a valid rule of inference: "p // p or q"
Affirmative proposition/statement - answer-a proposition/statement that asserts class
membership
Affirming the consequent - answer-an invalid argument form: "if p then q / q // p"
Ambiguous expression - answer-an expression that can be interpreted as having more than one
distinct meaning in a given context
Amphiboly - answer-an informal fallacy that occurs when the conclusion of an argument
depends on the misinterpretation of a statement that is ambiguous owing to some structural
defect
Antecedent - answer-(1) the component of a conditional statement immediately following the
word "if"
(2) the component of a conditional statement to the left of the horseshoe
Appeal to force - answer-an informal fallacy that occurs when an arguer threatens a reader or
listener for the purpose of getting him or her to accept a conclusion
, Appeal to ignorance - answer-an informal fallacy that occurs when an arguer uses the fact that
nothing has been proved about something, as evidence in support of some conclusion about
that thing
Appeal to pity - answer-an informal fallacy that occurs when an arguer attempts to evoke pity
from a reader or listener for the purpose of getting him or her to accept a conclusion
Appeal to snobbery - answer-a variety of the appeal-to-the-people fallacy that occurs when the
arguer plays on the reader's or listener's need to feel superior
Appeal to the people - answer-an informal fallacy that occurs when an arguer plays on certain
psychological needs for the purpose of getting the reader or listener to accept a conclusion
Appeal to tradition - answer-a fallacy that occurs when an arguer cites the fact that something
has become a tradition as grounds for a conclusion
Appeal to unqualified authority - answer-an informal fallacy that occurs when an arguer cites the
testimony of an unqualified authority in support of a conclusion
Appeal to vanity - answer-a variety of the appeal-to-the-people fallacy that occurs when an
arguer plays on the vanity of the reader or listener
Argument - answer-a group of statements, one or more of which (the premises) are claimed to
provide support for, or reasons to believe, one of the others (the conclusion)
Argument against the person - answer-an informal fallacy that occurs when an arguer verbally
attacks the person of a second arguer for the purpose of discrediting his or her argument
Argument based on mathematics - answer-a deductive argument in which the conclusion
depends on some purely arithmetic or geometric computation or measurement
Argument based on signs - answer-an inductive argument that proceeds from the knowledge of
a sign to a claim about the thing or situation that the sign symbolizes
Argument form - answer-(1) an arrangement of words and letters such that the uniform
substitution of terms or statements in place of the letters results in an argument
(2) an arrangement of statement variables and operators such that the uniform substitution of
statements in place of the variables results in an argument
Argument from analogy - answer-an inductive argument that depends on the existence of a
similarity between two things or states of affairs
Argument from authority - answer-an inductive argument in which the conclusion rests on a
statement made by some presumed authority or witness
edition Exam
With answers
A proposition - answer-a categorical proposition having the form "All S are P"
Accident - answer-an informal fallacy that occurs when a general rule is wrongly applied to an
atypical specific case
Ad hominem abusive - answer-a variety of the argument-against-the-person fallacy that occurs
when an arguer verbally abuses a second arguer for the purpose of discrediting that person's
argument
Ad hominem circumstantial - answer-a variety of the argument-against-the-person fallacy that
occurs when an arguer cites circumstances that affect a second arguer, for the purpose of
discrediting that person's argument
Addition - answer-a valid rule of inference: "p // p or q"
Affirmative proposition/statement - answer-a proposition/statement that asserts class
membership
Affirming the consequent - answer-an invalid argument form: "if p then q / q // p"
Ambiguous expression - answer-an expression that can be interpreted as having more than one
distinct meaning in a given context
Amphiboly - answer-an informal fallacy that occurs when the conclusion of an argument
depends on the misinterpretation of a statement that is ambiguous owing to some structural
defect
Antecedent - answer-(1) the component of a conditional statement immediately following the
word "if"
(2) the component of a conditional statement to the left of the horseshoe
Appeal to force - answer-an informal fallacy that occurs when an arguer threatens a reader or
listener for the purpose of getting him or her to accept a conclusion
, Appeal to ignorance - answer-an informal fallacy that occurs when an arguer uses the fact that
nothing has been proved about something, as evidence in support of some conclusion about
that thing
Appeal to pity - answer-an informal fallacy that occurs when an arguer attempts to evoke pity
from a reader or listener for the purpose of getting him or her to accept a conclusion
Appeal to snobbery - answer-a variety of the appeal-to-the-people fallacy that occurs when the
arguer plays on the reader's or listener's need to feel superior
Appeal to the people - answer-an informal fallacy that occurs when an arguer plays on certain
psychological needs for the purpose of getting the reader or listener to accept a conclusion
Appeal to tradition - answer-a fallacy that occurs when an arguer cites the fact that something
has become a tradition as grounds for a conclusion
Appeal to unqualified authority - answer-an informal fallacy that occurs when an arguer cites the
testimony of an unqualified authority in support of a conclusion
Appeal to vanity - answer-a variety of the appeal-to-the-people fallacy that occurs when an
arguer plays on the vanity of the reader or listener
Argument - answer-a group of statements, one or more of which (the premises) are claimed to
provide support for, or reasons to believe, one of the others (the conclusion)
Argument against the person - answer-an informal fallacy that occurs when an arguer verbally
attacks the person of a second arguer for the purpose of discrediting his or her argument
Argument based on mathematics - answer-a deductive argument in which the conclusion
depends on some purely arithmetic or geometric computation or measurement
Argument based on signs - answer-an inductive argument that proceeds from the knowledge of
a sign to a claim about the thing or situation that the sign symbolizes
Argument form - answer-(1) an arrangement of words and letters such that the uniform
substitution of terms or statements in place of the letters results in an argument
(2) an arrangement of statement variables and operators such that the uniform substitution of
statements in place of the variables results in an argument
Argument from analogy - answer-an inductive argument that depends on the existence of a
similarity between two things or states of affairs
Argument from authority - answer-an inductive argument in which the conclusion rests on a
statement made by some presumed authority or witness
