1. Q: What is the Critical Period Hypothesis? ANSWER The theory that
there is an optimal period (typically before puberty) during which
language acquisition occurs most easily and beyond which it becomes
more difficult.
2. Q: Who proposed the Universal Grammar theory? ANSWER Noam
Chomsky proposed the Universal Grammar theory, suggesting humans
have an innate capacity for language.
3. Q: What is the difference between acquisition and learning according
to Krashen? ANSWER Acquisition is subconscious and natural, while
learning is conscious and formal study of language rules.
4. Q: What are the five hypotheses in Krashen's Monitor Model?
ANSWER The Acquisition-Learning Hypothesis, Monitor Hypothesis,
Natural Order Hypothesis, Input Hypothesis, and Affective Filter
Hypothesis.
5. Q: What is comprehensible input? ANSWER Language input that is
slightly above the learner's current level (i+1) but still understandable
through context and scaffolding.
6. Q: What is the Affective Filter Hypothesis? ANSWER The theory
that emotional factors like anxiety, motivation, and self-confidence can
block language acquisition.
7. Q: What is interlanguage? ANSWER The evolving linguistic system
that learners develop as they progress from their native language toward
the target language.
8. Q: Who developed the Interaction Hypothesis? ANSWER Michael
Long developed the Interaction Hypothesis, emphasizing the importance
of conversational interaction in language learning.
9. Q: What is negative transfer in language learning? ANSWER When
learners apply rules from their first language to the second language,
resulting in errors.
,10.Q: What is positive transfer? ANSWER When similarities between L1
and L2 facilitate learning and correct usage in the target language.
11.Q: What is fossilization? ANSWER The phenomenon where incorrect
linguistic features become permanent in a learner's interlanguage.
12.Q: What is the Noticing Hypothesis? ANSWER Schmidt's theory that
learners must consciously notice linguistic features in input for
acquisition to occur.
13.Q: What is communicative competence? ANSWER The ability to use
language appropriately in social contexts, including linguistic,
sociolinguistic, discourse, and strategic competence.
14.Q: Who introduced the concept of communicative competence?
ANSWER Dell Hymes introduced the concept, expanding on Chomsky's
linguistic competence.
15.Q: What is the Output Hypothesis? ANSWER Swain's theory that
producing language (output) helps learners notice gaps in their
knowledge and develop fluency.
16.Q: What are the three functions of output according to Swain?
ANSWER Noticing function, hypothesis-testing function, and
metalinguistic function.
17.Q: What is the Sociocultural Theory of language learning?
ANSWER Vygotsky's theory emphasizing that learning occurs through
social interaction and cultural context.
18.Q: What is the Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD)? ANSWER
The gap between what a learner can do independently and what they can
do with guidance from a more knowledgeable other.
19.Q: What is scaffolding in language teaching? ANSWER Temporary
support provided to learners to help them accomplish tasks they cannot
complete independently.
20.Q: What is the difference between BICS and CALP? ANSWER
BICS (Basic Interpersonal Communication Skills) is everyday
conversational language, while CALP (Cognitive Academic Language
Proficiency) is academic language needed for schoolwork.
21.Q: Who developed the BICS/CALP distinction? ANSWER Jim
Cummins developed this distinction to explain different aspects of
language proficiency.
, 22.Q: What is task-based language teaching? ANSWER An approach
where learning is organized around meaningful tasks rather than
linguistic structures.
23.Q: What is the difference between accuracy and fluency? ANSWER
Accuracy refers to correct language use, while fluency refers to smooth,
natural language production without excessive hesitation.
24.Q: What is motivation in language learning? ANSWER The desire
and drive to learn a language, which can be integrative (wanting to
integrate into a community) or instrumental (for practical purposes).
25.Q: What is integrative motivation? ANSWER The desire to learn a
language to integrate into the target language community and culture.
26.Q: What is instrumental motivation? ANSWER Learning a language
for practical purposes such as career advancement or academic
requirements.
27.Q: What is language aptitude? ANSWER Natural ability or talent for
learning languages, including phonetic coding ability, grammatical
sensitivity, and memory.
28.Q: What are learning styles? ANSWER Individual preferences for
how information is processed, such as visual, auditory, or kinesthetic
learning.
29.Q: What is the difference between deductive and inductive learning?
ANSWER Deductive learning starts with rules then applies them to
examples; inductive learning discovers rules through examples.
30.Q: What is the Natural Approach? ANSWER A language teaching
method developed by Krashen and Terrell emphasizing comprehensible
input and natural communication.
31.Q: What is the Silent Period? ANSWER An initial phase in language
learning where learners listen and comprehend before producing
language.
32.Q: What is code-switching? ANSWER Alternating between two or
more languages within a single conversation or utterance.
33.Q: What is translanguaging? ANSWER The flexible use of linguistic
resources from multiple languages as an integrated communication
system.
there is an optimal period (typically before puberty) during which
language acquisition occurs most easily and beyond which it becomes
more difficult.
2. Q: Who proposed the Universal Grammar theory? ANSWER Noam
Chomsky proposed the Universal Grammar theory, suggesting humans
have an innate capacity for language.
3. Q: What is the difference between acquisition and learning according
to Krashen? ANSWER Acquisition is subconscious and natural, while
learning is conscious and formal study of language rules.
4. Q: What are the five hypotheses in Krashen's Monitor Model?
ANSWER The Acquisition-Learning Hypothesis, Monitor Hypothesis,
Natural Order Hypothesis, Input Hypothesis, and Affective Filter
Hypothesis.
5. Q: What is comprehensible input? ANSWER Language input that is
slightly above the learner's current level (i+1) but still understandable
through context and scaffolding.
6. Q: What is the Affective Filter Hypothesis? ANSWER The theory
that emotional factors like anxiety, motivation, and self-confidence can
block language acquisition.
7. Q: What is interlanguage? ANSWER The evolving linguistic system
that learners develop as they progress from their native language toward
the target language.
8. Q: Who developed the Interaction Hypothesis? ANSWER Michael
Long developed the Interaction Hypothesis, emphasizing the importance
of conversational interaction in language learning.
9. Q: What is negative transfer in language learning? ANSWER When
learners apply rules from their first language to the second language,
resulting in errors.
,10.Q: What is positive transfer? ANSWER When similarities between L1
and L2 facilitate learning and correct usage in the target language.
11.Q: What is fossilization? ANSWER The phenomenon where incorrect
linguistic features become permanent in a learner's interlanguage.
12.Q: What is the Noticing Hypothesis? ANSWER Schmidt's theory that
learners must consciously notice linguistic features in input for
acquisition to occur.
13.Q: What is communicative competence? ANSWER The ability to use
language appropriately in social contexts, including linguistic,
sociolinguistic, discourse, and strategic competence.
14.Q: Who introduced the concept of communicative competence?
ANSWER Dell Hymes introduced the concept, expanding on Chomsky's
linguistic competence.
15.Q: What is the Output Hypothesis? ANSWER Swain's theory that
producing language (output) helps learners notice gaps in their
knowledge and develop fluency.
16.Q: What are the three functions of output according to Swain?
ANSWER Noticing function, hypothesis-testing function, and
metalinguistic function.
17.Q: What is the Sociocultural Theory of language learning?
ANSWER Vygotsky's theory emphasizing that learning occurs through
social interaction and cultural context.
18.Q: What is the Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD)? ANSWER
The gap between what a learner can do independently and what they can
do with guidance from a more knowledgeable other.
19.Q: What is scaffolding in language teaching? ANSWER Temporary
support provided to learners to help them accomplish tasks they cannot
complete independently.
20.Q: What is the difference between BICS and CALP? ANSWER
BICS (Basic Interpersonal Communication Skills) is everyday
conversational language, while CALP (Cognitive Academic Language
Proficiency) is academic language needed for schoolwork.
21.Q: Who developed the BICS/CALP distinction? ANSWER Jim
Cummins developed this distinction to explain different aspects of
language proficiency.
, 22.Q: What is task-based language teaching? ANSWER An approach
where learning is organized around meaningful tasks rather than
linguistic structures.
23.Q: What is the difference between accuracy and fluency? ANSWER
Accuracy refers to correct language use, while fluency refers to smooth,
natural language production without excessive hesitation.
24.Q: What is motivation in language learning? ANSWER The desire
and drive to learn a language, which can be integrative (wanting to
integrate into a community) or instrumental (for practical purposes).
25.Q: What is integrative motivation? ANSWER The desire to learn a
language to integrate into the target language community and culture.
26.Q: What is instrumental motivation? ANSWER Learning a language
for practical purposes such as career advancement or academic
requirements.
27.Q: What is language aptitude? ANSWER Natural ability or talent for
learning languages, including phonetic coding ability, grammatical
sensitivity, and memory.
28.Q: What are learning styles? ANSWER Individual preferences for
how information is processed, such as visual, auditory, or kinesthetic
learning.
29.Q: What is the difference between deductive and inductive learning?
ANSWER Deductive learning starts with rules then applies them to
examples; inductive learning discovers rules through examples.
30.Q: What is the Natural Approach? ANSWER A language teaching
method developed by Krashen and Terrell emphasizing comprehensible
input and natural communication.
31.Q: What is the Silent Period? ANSWER An initial phase in language
learning where learners listen and comprehend before producing
language.
32.Q: What is code-switching? ANSWER Alternating between two or
more languages within a single conversation or utterance.
33.Q: What is translanguaging? ANSWER The flexible use of linguistic
resources from multiple languages as an integrated communication
system.
