BRAINSCAPE1
CBNS 121 Exam with complete
solutions latest version
Noggin - CORRECT ANSWER-- rescue ventralized embryos
- induce neural tissue in animal caps
Chordin - CORRECT ANSWER-- expressed in the organizer
- has neural inducing activity
What happens when TGF(beta) receptors are blocked? - CORRECT ANSWER-Mimics
the effects of Chordin/ Noggin
Follistatin - CORRECT ANSWER-Bind to TGF(beta) secreted signals and inhibit them
Which proteins inhibit TGF(beta) signals? - CORRECT ANSWER-- Noggin
- Chordin
- Follistatin
BMP - CORRECT ANSWER-Bone Morphogenetic Protein
What do BMPs do? - CORRECT ANSWER-Promote new bone growth, which is
essential for developing embryos
True/False
TGF(beta) receptors are BMPs. - CORRECT ANSWER-True
What does the loss of Noggin and Chordin do in mice? - CORRECT ANSWER-Causes
severe defects in the head and limits brain development
What is required for neural induction? - CORRECT ANSWER-- Activation of FGF
signaling
- Blocking of BMP signaling
When is neural tissue induced? - CORRECT ANSWER-During Gastrulation
Where is the nervous system derived from? - CORRECT ANSWER-Ectoderm
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, BRAINSCAPE1
Where do the signals for neural induction come from? - CORRECT ANSWER-
Mesoderm
Spemann-Mangold Organizer - CORRECT ANSWER-A tissue that secretes a mixture
of growth factor antagonists, which are able to induce embryonic cell differentiation
Wnt - CORRECT ANSWER-- High in posterior embryo
- Wnt inhibitors in anterior mesoderm
Wnt inhibitors - CORRECT ANSWER-- Dkk
- Cerberus
What happens when Dkk1 is removed? - CORRECT ANSWER-Hyperactive Wnt
signaling
- lack a forebrain and anterior head structures
Retinoic Acid (RA) - CORRECT ANSWER-- Derivative of Vitamin A (retinol)
- Known to be powerful teratogen
- Levels are higher in posterior than anterior
- regulates HOX gene expression in vertebrates
Is RA signaling required for development? - CORRECT ANSWER-Yes;
- Reduction of RA acid synthesis affects HOX expression
- Embryos without RA die during embryonic development
Activators - CORRECT ANSWER-- BMP inhibitors
- FGF signaling
induce neural tissue with anterior characteristics
Transformers - CORRECT ANSWER-- RA
- Wnt
- FGF
- Otx2
- Gbx2
required to transform a portion of neural tissue to more posterior structures (i.e
hindbrain/spinal cord)
regulate the expression of TFs that repress each other
Otx2 - CORRECT ANSWER--/- mutants lack a forebrain and anterior head structures
Pax6 - CORRECT ANSWER-Hox gene for the development of eyes
BRAINSCAPE1
CBNS 121 Exam with complete
solutions latest version
Noggin - CORRECT ANSWER-- rescue ventralized embryos
- induce neural tissue in animal caps
Chordin - CORRECT ANSWER-- expressed in the organizer
- has neural inducing activity
What happens when TGF(beta) receptors are blocked? - CORRECT ANSWER-Mimics
the effects of Chordin/ Noggin
Follistatin - CORRECT ANSWER-Bind to TGF(beta) secreted signals and inhibit them
Which proteins inhibit TGF(beta) signals? - CORRECT ANSWER-- Noggin
- Chordin
- Follistatin
BMP - CORRECT ANSWER-Bone Morphogenetic Protein
What do BMPs do? - CORRECT ANSWER-Promote new bone growth, which is
essential for developing embryos
True/False
TGF(beta) receptors are BMPs. - CORRECT ANSWER-True
What does the loss of Noggin and Chordin do in mice? - CORRECT ANSWER-Causes
severe defects in the head and limits brain development
What is required for neural induction? - CORRECT ANSWER-- Activation of FGF
signaling
- Blocking of BMP signaling
When is neural tissue induced? - CORRECT ANSWER-During Gastrulation
Where is the nervous system derived from? - CORRECT ANSWER-Ectoderm
BRAINSCAPE1
, BRAINSCAPE1
Where do the signals for neural induction come from? - CORRECT ANSWER-
Mesoderm
Spemann-Mangold Organizer - CORRECT ANSWER-A tissue that secretes a mixture
of growth factor antagonists, which are able to induce embryonic cell differentiation
Wnt - CORRECT ANSWER-- High in posterior embryo
- Wnt inhibitors in anterior mesoderm
Wnt inhibitors - CORRECT ANSWER-- Dkk
- Cerberus
What happens when Dkk1 is removed? - CORRECT ANSWER-Hyperactive Wnt
signaling
- lack a forebrain and anterior head structures
Retinoic Acid (RA) - CORRECT ANSWER-- Derivative of Vitamin A (retinol)
- Known to be powerful teratogen
- Levels are higher in posterior than anterior
- regulates HOX gene expression in vertebrates
Is RA signaling required for development? - CORRECT ANSWER-Yes;
- Reduction of RA acid synthesis affects HOX expression
- Embryos without RA die during embryonic development
Activators - CORRECT ANSWER-- BMP inhibitors
- FGF signaling
induce neural tissue with anterior characteristics
Transformers - CORRECT ANSWER-- RA
- Wnt
- FGF
- Otx2
- Gbx2
required to transform a portion of neural tissue to more posterior structures (i.e
hindbrain/spinal cord)
regulate the expression of TFs that repress each other
Otx2 - CORRECT ANSWER--/- mutants lack a forebrain and anterior head structures
Pax6 - CORRECT ANSWER-Hox gene for the development of eyes
BRAINSCAPE1
