BIOD 101 FINAL EXAM – 2025 | PORTAGE LEARNING |
COMPLETE VERIFIED Q&AS + REVIEW GUIDE
Define biosphere - CORRECT ANSWERS-broadest level encompassing planet earth and
atmosphere
Define ecosystem - CORRECT ANSWERS-system of living and non-living things in a region
i.e. grasslands, forests, tundra, desert
Define community - CORRECT ANSWERS-all the collective organisms living within a biological
ecosystem
Define populaiton - CORRECT ANSWERS-a group or one particular species living within
defined boundaries of a community
Define organism - CORRECT ANSWERS-the individual living members of a population
Define organ system - CORRECT ANSWERS-a group of organs classified as a unit b/c of shared
functions
Define organs - CORRECT ANSWERS-structures composed of two or more tissue types that
perform a common function
Define tissues - CORRECT ANSWERS-a group of similar cells and the immediate environment
surrounding
Define cells - CORRECT ANSWERS-living structures within organelles that function on a
microscopic level to keep an organism alive
,Define atoms and molecules - CORRECT ANSWERS-smallest level that function on a chemical
level
What are the three domains? - CORRECT ANSWERS-Eukarya, Eubacteria, Archaea
What cell type defines each domain? - CORRECT ANSWERS-1. Eubacteria and Archaea -
Prokaryotic cells
2. Eukarya- Eukaryotic cells
Which domain includes bacteria such as pyogenes? - CORRECT ANSWERS-Eubacteria
Which domain is classically considered to be "extremophiles"? - CORRECT ANSWERS-Archaea
Tell whether each of the following is carbohydrate, lipid, protein, or nucleic acid. Then explain the use of
each.
Insulin - CORRECT ANSWERS-Protein; a hormone
Why are proteins so often used to build structures? - CORRECT ANSWERS-Because they are
"structurally sophisticated". They are strong, yet flexible and incredibly diverse.
Explain the following terms in regard to proteins:
a. Primary structure:
b. Secondary structure:
c. Tertiary structure:
d. Quaternary structure: - CORRECT ANSWERS-a. Amino acid monomers in a linear chain
b. 2 repeating patterns are possible; a spring like coil of fibrous proteins within the linear chain forms
(alpha-helix) and/or in the linear chain the pattern snakes back and forth; strong and flexible but not
elastic. Both conformations held together with hydrogen bonds. It's possible that one chain can have
both patterns
,c. Folding of the secondary structure; 3D shape determined by R-group interactions and hydrogen bonds
d. Interactions between two or more polypeptide chains. Each chain has its own primary, secondary, and
tertiary structure. **need 2 or more polypeptide chains for this structure**
The bases present in nucleic acids contain what element besides C and H and O? - CORRECT
ANSWERS-Nitrogen
What is the property that makes a molecule a lipid? - CORRECT ANSWERS-being insoluble in
water due to the presence of the long chain of hydrocarbons
What is the main reason for the polarity of most biomacromolecules? - CORRECT ANSWERS-
Most biomacromolecules are polar due to the strongly electronegative oxygen (or nitrogen) in the
functional group
Name the building-block molecule(s) for each of the following biomacromolecules:
Proteins - CORRECT ANSWERS-Amino Acids
Name the building-block molecule(s) for each of the following biomacromolecules:
Lipids - CORRECT ANSWERS-fatty acids and glycerol
Name the building-block molecule(s) for each of the following biomacromolecules:
Nucleic Acid - CORRECT ANSWERS-nucleotides
Name the building-block molecule(s) for each of the following biomacromolecules:
polysaccharides - CORRECT ANSWERS-monosaccharides
, a. Carbohydrates contain what three elements?
b. What is the ratio of hydrogen to oxygen in a carbohydrate? c. What is the difference between a
carbohydrate and a hydrocarbon? - CORRECT ANSWERS-a. CHO
b. 2:1
c. A hydrocarbon has only H and C and carbs have HCO. Hydrocarbons are not functional groups.
What are the 3 types of cholesterol? - CORRECT ANSWERS-HDL (good; takes potentially
dangerous build up to liver), LDL ("bad"; potential to clog vessels), VLDL (also "bad"; clogs and carries
triglycerides)
Explain the 3 differences b/t prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. - CORRECT ANSWERS-1.
Prokaryotic cells are typically smaller than eukaryotic cells. Most are between 1-10 micrometers in size
(about 1/30,000 of an inch)
2. The DNA of a prokaryotic cell is not enclosed in a nuclear membrane (prokaryotic means "before the
nucleus"), whereas Eukaryotic cells possess a nucleus 3. Prokarytic cells do not contain many of the
internal membrane-bounded organelles of eukaryotic cells
What are the components of the cell membrane? - CORRECT ANSWERS-Phospholipid bi-layer
with proteins and phospholipids embedded within it. Cholesterol is usually present as well.
What kind of proteins can be found within the phospholipid bi-layer? - CORRECT ANSWERS-
Integral, Peripheral, and glycoproteins.
What is the term used to describe the type of molecules that can pass through the cell membrane?
What are the types of "passive" transport and "active" transport? - CORRECT ANSWERS-The
membrane is selectively permeable. No energy (ATP) is required for passive and simple diffusion,
osmosis, filtration, and facilitated diffusion. Active requires energy (ATP) and other types are secondary
active, cotransport, and counter-transport.
Tell how each of the following would typically enter a cell. Choose from simple diffusion, facilitated
diffusion, pinocytosis or phagocytosis.
COMPLETE VERIFIED Q&AS + REVIEW GUIDE
Define biosphere - CORRECT ANSWERS-broadest level encompassing planet earth and
atmosphere
Define ecosystem - CORRECT ANSWERS-system of living and non-living things in a region
i.e. grasslands, forests, tundra, desert
Define community - CORRECT ANSWERS-all the collective organisms living within a biological
ecosystem
Define populaiton - CORRECT ANSWERS-a group or one particular species living within
defined boundaries of a community
Define organism - CORRECT ANSWERS-the individual living members of a population
Define organ system - CORRECT ANSWERS-a group of organs classified as a unit b/c of shared
functions
Define organs - CORRECT ANSWERS-structures composed of two or more tissue types that
perform a common function
Define tissues - CORRECT ANSWERS-a group of similar cells and the immediate environment
surrounding
Define cells - CORRECT ANSWERS-living structures within organelles that function on a
microscopic level to keep an organism alive
,Define atoms and molecules - CORRECT ANSWERS-smallest level that function on a chemical
level
What are the three domains? - CORRECT ANSWERS-Eukarya, Eubacteria, Archaea
What cell type defines each domain? - CORRECT ANSWERS-1. Eubacteria and Archaea -
Prokaryotic cells
2. Eukarya- Eukaryotic cells
Which domain includes bacteria such as pyogenes? - CORRECT ANSWERS-Eubacteria
Which domain is classically considered to be "extremophiles"? - CORRECT ANSWERS-Archaea
Tell whether each of the following is carbohydrate, lipid, protein, or nucleic acid. Then explain the use of
each.
Insulin - CORRECT ANSWERS-Protein; a hormone
Why are proteins so often used to build structures? - CORRECT ANSWERS-Because they are
"structurally sophisticated". They are strong, yet flexible and incredibly diverse.
Explain the following terms in regard to proteins:
a. Primary structure:
b. Secondary structure:
c. Tertiary structure:
d. Quaternary structure: - CORRECT ANSWERS-a. Amino acid monomers in a linear chain
b. 2 repeating patterns are possible; a spring like coil of fibrous proteins within the linear chain forms
(alpha-helix) and/or in the linear chain the pattern snakes back and forth; strong and flexible but not
elastic. Both conformations held together with hydrogen bonds. It's possible that one chain can have
both patterns
,c. Folding of the secondary structure; 3D shape determined by R-group interactions and hydrogen bonds
d. Interactions between two or more polypeptide chains. Each chain has its own primary, secondary, and
tertiary structure. **need 2 or more polypeptide chains for this structure**
The bases present in nucleic acids contain what element besides C and H and O? - CORRECT
ANSWERS-Nitrogen
What is the property that makes a molecule a lipid? - CORRECT ANSWERS-being insoluble in
water due to the presence of the long chain of hydrocarbons
What is the main reason for the polarity of most biomacromolecules? - CORRECT ANSWERS-
Most biomacromolecules are polar due to the strongly electronegative oxygen (or nitrogen) in the
functional group
Name the building-block molecule(s) for each of the following biomacromolecules:
Proteins - CORRECT ANSWERS-Amino Acids
Name the building-block molecule(s) for each of the following biomacromolecules:
Lipids - CORRECT ANSWERS-fatty acids and glycerol
Name the building-block molecule(s) for each of the following biomacromolecules:
Nucleic Acid - CORRECT ANSWERS-nucleotides
Name the building-block molecule(s) for each of the following biomacromolecules:
polysaccharides - CORRECT ANSWERS-monosaccharides
, a. Carbohydrates contain what three elements?
b. What is the ratio of hydrogen to oxygen in a carbohydrate? c. What is the difference between a
carbohydrate and a hydrocarbon? - CORRECT ANSWERS-a. CHO
b. 2:1
c. A hydrocarbon has only H and C and carbs have HCO. Hydrocarbons are not functional groups.
What are the 3 types of cholesterol? - CORRECT ANSWERS-HDL (good; takes potentially
dangerous build up to liver), LDL ("bad"; potential to clog vessels), VLDL (also "bad"; clogs and carries
triglycerides)
Explain the 3 differences b/t prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. - CORRECT ANSWERS-1.
Prokaryotic cells are typically smaller than eukaryotic cells. Most are between 1-10 micrometers in size
(about 1/30,000 of an inch)
2. The DNA of a prokaryotic cell is not enclosed in a nuclear membrane (prokaryotic means "before the
nucleus"), whereas Eukaryotic cells possess a nucleus 3. Prokarytic cells do not contain many of the
internal membrane-bounded organelles of eukaryotic cells
What are the components of the cell membrane? - CORRECT ANSWERS-Phospholipid bi-layer
with proteins and phospholipids embedded within it. Cholesterol is usually present as well.
What kind of proteins can be found within the phospholipid bi-layer? - CORRECT ANSWERS-
Integral, Peripheral, and glycoproteins.
What is the term used to describe the type of molecules that can pass through the cell membrane?
What are the types of "passive" transport and "active" transport? - CORRECT ANSWERS-The
membrane is selectively permeable. No energy (ATP) is required for passive and simple diffusion,
osmosis, filtration, and facilitated diffusion. Active requires energy (ATP) and other types are secondary
active, cotransport, and counter-transport.
Tell how each of the following would typically enter a cell. Choose from simple diffusion, facilitated
diffusion, pinocytosis or phagocytosis.
