CRM 1300 Mid-term Exam with verified detailed ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
answers
Legal definition of crime - correct answer✔✔Behaviour prohibited by the Criminal Code
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
(focuses on the act/law itself) ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
Social norms' definition of crime - correct answer✔✔Behaviour that violates social norms
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
(focuses on effects) ||\\//|| ||\\//||
Social Constructionist definition of crime - correct answer✔✔Crime defined by powerful,
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
sometimes to disadvantage others, and mostly white collar. ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
Laws are a ________ social control - correct answer✔✔Formal
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
Social norms are ________ social control - correct answer✔✔Informal
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
3 ways we respond to crime - correct answer✔✔Consensus, interactionist, conflict
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
5 things criminologists study - correct answer✔✔Abolitionism, crimes of powerful,
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
criminological theory, First Nations and racism, gender and sexuality ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
Sources of criminological knowledge - correct answer✔✔Surveys, experiments, stats, texts,
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
media, interviews, etc. ||\\//|| ||\\//||
6 areas of study that crime covers - correct answer✔✔Biology
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
Psychology
,Anthropology ||\\//||
Sociology ||\\//||
Political science ||\\//||
Law
Deviance - correct answer✔✔Behavior that violates significant social norms ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
What happened to those who violated religious norms or social practices in the Middle
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
Ages (16-17th century) - correct answer✔✔These people were believed to be witches or
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
possessed by demons... Resulting in them being burned at stake ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
Estimated number of people who were prosecuted for witchcraft in 16th & 17th century ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
Europe - correct answer✔✔100,000 ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
Basis of Classical Criminology - correct answer✔✔Ppl were believed to be more rational
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
therefore punishments needed to be sufficiently painful enough to outweigh pleasure of ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
committing crime ||\\//||
Cesare Beccaria's theory on Crime and Punishment - correct answer✔✔Role of gov't should
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
be to act on behalf and in best interest of all citizens... punishments must be constituted by
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
uniform and enlightened legislation (must fit crime) ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
Jeremy Bentham's theory - correct answer✔✔Hedonistic (utility) calculus... Law should
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
ensure greatest good for greatest amount of ppl & should be social contract between gov't
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
with citizens accepting consequences... Focus on moral rightness and wrongness
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
Positivist Criminology - correct answer✔✔Theories that focus on both psychological and ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
biological factors to explain criminal behaviour ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
, Phrenology - correct answer✔✔Aka. Craniology.... study that character and mental faculties ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
correlate with the shape of one's head
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
Cesare Lombroso - correct answer✔✔Theorist that studied to see if criminals were
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
physically different from non-criminals ("Born Criminals").... Argued that criminality is ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
genetically inherited... Atavistic traits ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
Biological/Trait Theory - correct answer✔✔Theory that states human traits may cause ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
criminal behaviour ||\\//|| ||\\//||
Examples are: testosterone, PMS, neurological impairments, tumours/injuries/diseases, ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
twin + adoption studies, biochemical imbalances (ie. Twinkie defence)
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
3 types of psychological theories - correct answer✔✔Psychodynamic, behavioural, cognitive
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
Psychodynamic theory - correct answer✔✔the Freudian theory that unconscious forces ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
determine behavior... Childhood experiences shape personality ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
Behavioural theory - correct answer✔✔Theory that states behaviours are acquired thru ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
conditioning (interaction w/ environment) ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
Cognitive theory - correct answer✔✔Theory that explains human behaviour thru thought ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
processes
Social ecology/Chicago School theory - correct answer✔✔U of Chicago studied # of poor or
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
transient neighbourhoods and concluded communities that suffered from high rates of
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
poverty and social disintegration were more likely to condone criminal activity
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
- Areas were characterized by recent immigrant groups, poor housing, factories
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
answers
Legal definition of crime - correct answer✔✔Behaviour prohibited by the Criminal Code
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
(focuses on the act/law itself) ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
Social norms' definition of crime - correct answer✔✔Behaviour that violates social norms
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
(focuses on effects) ||\\//|| ||\\//||
Social Constructionist definition of crime - correct answer✔✔Crime defined by powerful,
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
sometimes to disadvantage others, and mostly white collar. ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
Laws are a ________ social control - correct answer✔✔Formal
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
Social norms are ________ social control - correct answer✔✔Informal
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
3 ways we respond to crime - correct answer✔✔Consensus, interactionist, conflict
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
5 things criminologists study - correct answer✔✔Abolitionism, crimes of powerful,
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
criminological theory, First Nations and racism, gender and sexuality ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
Sources of criminological knowledge - correct answer✔✔Surveys, experiments, stats, texts,
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
media, interviews, etc. ||\\//|| ||\\//||
6 areas of study that crime covers - correct answer✔✔Biology
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
Psychology
,Anthropology ||\\//||
Sociology ||\\//||
Political science ||\\//||
Law
Deviance - correct answer✔✔Behavior that violates significant social norms ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
What happened to those who violated religious norms or social practices in the Middle
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
Ages (16-17th century) - correct answer✔✔These people were believed to be witches or
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
possessed by demons... Resulting in them being burned at stake ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
Estimated number of people who were prosecuted for witchcraft in 16th & 17th century ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
Europe - correct answer✔✔100,000 ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
Basis of Classical Criminology - correct answer✔✔Ppl were believed to be more rational
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
therefore punishments needed to be sufficiently painful enough to outweigh pleasure of ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
committing crime ||\\//||
Cesare Beccaria's theory on Crime and Punishment - correct answer✔✔Role of gov't should
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
be to act on behalf and in best interest of all citizens... punishments must be constituted by
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
uniform and enlightened legislation (must fit crime) ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
Jeremy Bentham's theory - correct answer✔✔Hedonistic (utility) calculus... Law should
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
ensure greatest good for greatest amount of ppl & should be social contract between gov't
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
with citizens accepting consequences... Focus on moral rightness and wrongness
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
Positivist Criminology - correct answer✔✔Theories that focus on both psychological and ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
biological factors to explain criminal behaviour ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
, Phrenology - correct answer✔✔Aka. Craniology.... study that character and mental faculties ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
correlate with the shape of one's head
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
Cesare Lombroso - correct answer✔✔Theorist that studied to see if criminals were
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
physically different from non-criminals ("Born Criminals").... Argued that criminality is ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
genetically inherited... Atavistic traits ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
Biological/Trait Theory - correct answer✔✔Theory that states human traits may cause ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
criminal behaviour ||\\//|| ||\\//||
Examples are: testosterone, PMS, neurological impairments, tumours/injuries/diseases, ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
twin + adoption studies, biochemical imbalances (ie. Twinkie defence)
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
3 types of psychological theories - correct answer✔✔Psychodynamic, behavioural, cognitive
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
Psychodynamic theory - correct answer✔✔the Freudian theory that unconscious forces ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
determine behavior... Childhood experiences shape personality ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
Behavioural theory - correct answer✔✔Theory that states behaviours are acquired thru ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
conditioning (interaction w/ environment) ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
Cognitive theory - correct answer✔✔Theory that explains human behaviour thru thought ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
processes
Social ecology/Chicago School theory - correct answer✔✔U of Chicago studied # of poor or
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
transient neighbourhoods and concluded communities that suffered from high rates of
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
poverty and social disintegration were more likely to condone criminal activity
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
- Areas were characterized by recent immigrant groups, poor housing, factories
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
