PARKER'S FUNDAMENTALS OF SURVEYING (FS)
EXAM PREP QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
Railroad Track Standard Gague - ANSWER -4 ft, 8.5 in
Miner's inches measure what? - ANSWER -Rate of flow of water.
Concave vs. Convex - ANSWER -"Looking into the cave." = Concave
"Looking at the exterior" = Convex
Isogonic Chart - ANSWER -Connects points of equal magnetic declination.
Map of North American continent which has the lines and degree readings
showing the difference between True North and Magnetic North.
Etymology: Iso = same
gonic = angle
Secular Variation - ANSWER -secular variation is the very gradual chang in
magnetic declination (follows cycles of about 300yrs).
Annual variation is generally less than a minute of arc in the USA.
Daily variation is an easterly movement early in the day, followed by a
westerly movement reaching a maximum change of about 8 minutes of arc.
irregular variations are caused by magnetic storms that in most instances
result from sunspot activity.
constant variation is made up. there is no such thing.
Refraction makes objects appear higher or lower than they really are? -
ANSWER -Refraction makes objects appear higher.
This is because the radius of an arc of light is nearly 7 times the radius of
the curvature of the earth. The Resulting effect of this is "Refraction."
Refraction increases or decreases as the density of the medium through
which it passes increases or decreases? - ANSWER -Refraction
INCREASES as the density of the medium INCREASES.
,Cool air is more or less dense than hot air? - ANSWER -Cool are is MORE
dense than hot air.
Light refracts more through cold air than through hot air.
If cross-hairs appear to move with respect to the target when an observer
looks through a telescope, this is called: - ANSWER -Parallax
Parallax occurs when the image created by the lens lies in front of or
behind the plane of the cross-hairs.
It CAN be remedied by adjustment.
Erecting eyepiece - ANSWER -- Consist of four plano-convex lenses
placed in eyepiece slide
Inverting eyepiece - ANSWER -- Composed of two plano-convex lenses
placed in eyepiece slide.
Because it has fewer lenses, an inverting eyepiece is slightly superior to an
erecting eyepiece, but they are not used widely in the USA.
chromatic aberration - ANSWER -caused by different elements of the
spectrum of light being diverted differently as they pass through lenses
the focusing of different colors of light at different distances behind a lens
Most surveying instruments have high/low capacity for magnification? -
ANSWER -Most have low capacity for magnification. This is bc
magnification increases the effect of heat waves, turbulence, and vibrations
on observations. Greater magnification would also reduce the field of view,
which is undesirable.
Magnification range of most surveying instruments. - ANSWER -18-42
diameters
spherical aberration - ANSWER -an optical property whereby different
portions of a spherical lens or spherical, concave mirror have slightly
different focal lengths, thereby producing a fuzzy image
,Compound lens of crown glass and flint glass - ANSWER -an objective
lense design that is used to minimize both spherical and chromatic
aberrations in the optical systems of many surveying instruments.
Double Convex Objective Lens - ANSWER -used to minimize both
spherical and chromatic aberrations in the optical systems of many
surveying instruments
Speaking Rods - ANSWER -A term sometimes used for a self-reading rod.
They are graduated to allow the instrument operator to read them. target
level rods are read by the rodman and are not widely used.
Philadelphia Rod - ANSWER -this rod has two sections and is graduated
on both sides up to 7ft. extended, the rod usually reaches 13ft.
Compensator in Automatic Levels - ANSWER -consists of an arrangement
of 3 prisms that are allowed to swing like a pendulum. this dampened
mechanism maintains a horizontal line of sight even when the telescope
barrel is not precisely level.
When rodman rocks rod back and forth during a level loop, which reading is
correct? - ANSWER -The lowest reading is the correct reading. It occurs
when the rod is vertical.
Why balance the lengths of FS and BS in a level loop? - ANSWER -To
minimize the effect of a line of signt that is not perfectly horizontal.
Erros due to lack of a perfectly horizontal line of sight tend to cancel each
other out if the foresight and backsight are roughly equal in length.
To find the elevation of an intermediate Turning Point (TP) during a level
loop... - ANSWER -HI - FS = TP
Reciprocal Leveling - ANSWER -The level is set up on one side of the river,
near a turning point on which a rod is held. simultaneously, another rod is
help on a TP on the far side of the river. observing the rods in close
succession allows the calculation of the difference in elevation between the
two turning points while minimizing the effects of refraction. by moving the
instrument to the far bank of the river and repeating the procedure, the
difference in elevation is determined agian. these two differences will likely
, be unequal. the mean of the two differences will closely approximate the
actual change in elevation between the two turning points.
Double Rodding - ANSWER -
To find the angle from which a leveling rod deviates from vertical. -
ANSWER -Rod fully extended = 13.0ft
error = +0.02ft in a 7.00ft rod reading
cos(a)=(7.00ft/7.02ft)
-angle (a) is the angle of the rod
cos(a) = 0.997151
a=04d19'34"
This angle (a) can now be used to find the distance from plumb at the top
of the 13.00ft rod:
sin(04d19'34")(13ft) = 0.98ft
How to calculate Elevation from a Field Book with BS, FS, Sta, and HI: -
ANSWER -BS + (previous elevation) = HI
HI - FS = Elevation
HI - (previous elevation) = BS
Elevation + HI = FS
How to tell if a rod is further or closer by the stadia hairs. - ANSWER -The
interval between the upper and lower stadia hairs tells you if the rod is
closer or further away. The interval is smaller if the rod is closer, and larger
if the rod is further away.
Field Book Calcs for 3-wire leveling - ANSWER -(Average BS) + (Previous
Elevation) = HI
HI - (Average FS) = Elevation of TP
What does "Thread" / "Int" mean in a Field Book for 3-wire leveling? -
ANSWER -It means the interval between the upper and lower cross-hairs.
Stadia Interval Factor of a Leveling Instrument - ANSWER -usually 100
EXAM PREP QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
Railroad Track Standard Gague - ANSWER -4 ft, 8.5 in
Miner's inches measure what? - ANSWER -Rate of flow of water.
Concave vs. Convex - ANSWER -"Looking into the cave." = Concave
"Looking at the exterior" = Convex
Isogonic Chart - ANSWER -Connects points of equal magnetic declination.
Map of North American continent which has the lines and degree readings
showing the difference between True North and Magnetic North.
Etymology: Iso = same
gonic = angle
Secular Variation - ANSWER -secular variation is the very gradual chang in
magnetic declination (follows cycles of about 300yrs).
Annual variation is generally less than a minute of arc in the USA.
Daily variation is an easterly movement early in the day, followed by a
westerly movement reaching a maximum change of about 8 minutes of arc.
irregular variations are caused by magnetic storms that in most instances
result from sunspot activity.
constant variation is made up. there is no such thing.
Refraction makes objects appear higher or lower than they really are? -
ANSWER -Refraction makes objects appear higher.
This is because the radius of an arc of light is nearly 7 times the radius of
the curvature of the earth. The Resulting effect of this is "Refraction."
Refraction increases or decreases as the density of the medium through
which it passes increases or decreases? - ANSWER -Refraction
INCREASES as the density of the medium INCREASES.
,Cool air is more or less dense than hot air? - ANSWER -Cool are is MORE
dense than hot air.
Light refracts more through cold air than through hot air.
If cross-hairs appear to move with respect to the target when an observer
looks through a telescope, this is called: - ANSWER -Parallax
Parallax occurs when the image created by the lens lies in front of or
behind the plane of the cross-hairs.
It CAN be remedied by adjustment.
Erecting eyepiece - ANSWER -- Consist of four plano-convex lenses
placed in eyepiece slide
Inverting eyepiece - ANSWER -- Composed of two plano-convex lenses
placed in eyepiece slide.
Because it has fewer lenses, an inverting eyepiece is slightly superior to an
erecting eyepiece, but they are not used widely in the USA.
chromatic aberration - ANSWER -caused by different elements of the
spectrum of light being diverted differently as they pass through lenses
the focusing of different colors of light at different distances behind a lens
Most surveying instruments have high/low capacity for magnification? -
ANSWER -Most have low capacity for magnification. This is bc
magnification increases the effect of heat waves, turbulence, and vibrations
on observations. Greater magnification would also reduce the field of view,
which is undesirable.
Magnification range of most surveying instruments. - ANSWER -18-42
diameters
spherical aberration - ANSWER -an optical property whereby different
portions of a spherical lens or spherical, concave mirror have slightly
different focal lengths, thereby producing a fuzzy image
,Compound lens of crown glass and flint glass - ANSWER -an objective
lense design that is used to minimize both spherical and chromatic
aberrations in the optical systems of many surveying instruments.
Double Convex Objective Lens - ANSWER -used to minimize both
spherical and chromatic aberrations in the optical systems of many
surveying instruments
Speaking Rods - ANSWER -A term sometimes used for a self-reading rod.
They are graduated to allow the instrument operator to read them. target
level rods are read by the rodman and are not widely used.
Philadelphia Rod - ANSWER -this rod has two sections and is graduated
on both sides up to 7ft. extended, the rod usually reaches 13ft.
Compensator in Automatic Levels - ANSWER -consists of an arrangement
of 3 prisms that are allowed to swing like a pendulum. this dampened
mechanism maintains a horizontal line of sight even when the telescope
barrel is not precisely level.
When rodman rocks rod back and forth during a level loop, which reading is
correct? - ANSWER -The lowest reading is the correct reading. It occurs
when the rod is vertical.
Why balance the lengths of FS and BS in a level loop? - ANSWER -To
minimize the effect of a line of signt that is not perfectly horizontal.
Erros due to lack of a perfectly horizontal line of sight tend to cancel each
other out if the foresight and backsight are roughly equal in length.
To find the elevation of an intermediate Turning Point (TP) during a level
loop... - ANSWER -HI - FS = TP
Reciprocal Leveling - ANSWER -The level is set up on one side of the river,
near a turning point on which a rod is held. simultaneously, another rod is
help on a TP on the far side of the river. observing the rods in close
succession allows the calculation of the difference in elevation between the
two turning points while minimizing the effects of refraction. by moving the
instrument to the far bank of the river and repeating the procedure, the
difference in elevation is determined agian. these two differences will likely
, be unequal. the mean of the two differences will closely approximate the
actual change in elevation between the two turning points.
Double Rodding - ANSWER -
To find the angle from which a leveling rod deviates from vertical. -
ANSWER -Rod fully extended = 13.0ft
error = +0.02ft in a 7.00ft rod reading
cos(a)=(7.00ft/7.02ft)
-angle (a) is the angle of the rod
cos(a) = 0.997151
a=04d19'34"
This angle (a) can now be used to find the distance from plumb at the top
of the 13.00ft rod:
sin(04d19'34")(13ft) = 0.98ft
How to calculate Elevation from a Field Book with BS, FS, Sta, and HI: -
ANSWER -BS + (previous elevation) = HI
HI - FS = Elevation
HI - (previous elevation) = BS
Elevation + HI = FS
How to tell if a rod is further or closer by the stadia hairs. - ANSWER -The
interval between the upper and lower stadia hairs tells you if the rod is
closer or further away. The interval is smaller if the rod is closer, and larger
if the rod is further away.
Field Book Calcs for 3-wire leveling - ANSWER -(Average BS) + (Previous
Elevation) = HI
HI - (Average FS) = Elevation of TP
What does "Thread" / "Int" mean in a Field Book for 3-wire leveling? -
ANSWER -It means the interval between the upper and lower cross-hairs.
Stadia Interval Factor of a Leveling Instrument - ANSWER -usually 100
