NURS 356 Exam 1: Electrolytes & IV Fluid Therapy Questions With Complete Solutions

1. Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR) - ANSWER An eight-phase psychotherapy for PTSD and other trauma disorders that uses rapid eye movements while processing painful emotions to help the brain 'digest' and store traumatic memories appropriately. 2. Factitious Disorder - ANSWER A disorder involving the conscious, intentional feigning of physical or psychological symptoms to receive emotional care and support associated with the patient role. Also known as Munchausen syndrome. 3. Flooding (Implosion Therapy) - ANSWER A behavior therapy where a client imagines or participates in real-life situations they find extremely frightening for a prolonged period, without relaxation training, until anxiety diminishes. 4. Hopelessness - ANSWER A feeling of despair and lack of optimism for the future, identified as a key symptom of depression and an underlying factor in the predisposition to suicide. 5. Illness Anxiety Disorder - ANSWER A disorder defined as an unrealistic interpretation of physical symptoms leading to preoccupation with and fear of having a serious disease, despite medical reassurance. 6. Integration (in DID) - ANSWER The ultimate goal of therapy for Dissociative Identity Disorder, involving the blending of all personality states into a single, integrated personality. 7. Learned Helplessness - ANSWER A theory of depression hypothesizing that individuals who experience numerous failures abandon further attempts to succeed, imposing a feeling of lack of control that predisposes them to depression. 8. Obsessions - ANSWER Intrusive, recurrent, and stressful thoughts that are recognized by the individual as irrational but continue to be repetitive and cannot be ignored. 9. Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD) - ANSWER A disorder that includes the presence of obsessions, compulsions, or both, which are severe enough to cause distress or impairment in social, occupational, or other important areas of functioning. 10. Panic Attack - ANSWER A period of intense apprehension, fear, or discomfort, the onset of which is unpredictable and manifested by symptoms such as palpitations, shortness of breath, chest pain, and fear of dying. 11. Panic Disorder - ANSWER A disorder characterized by recurrent, unpredictable panic attacks and persistent worries about when the next attack will occur. 12. Phobia - ANSWER An irrational fear of a specific object or situation resulting in an intense aversion and avoidance, typically accompanied by intense anxiety or panic attacks upon exposure. 13. Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) - ANSWER A multi symptom response triggered by exposure to an extremely traumatic event, with symptoms (e.g., re experiencing, avoidance, negative cognitions, arousal) lasting for more than one month. 14. Reciprocal Inhibition - ANSWER The principle that relaxation is antagonistic to anxiety, meaning an individual cannot be anxious and relaxed at the same time. It is the basis for Systematic Desensitization. 15. Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors (SSRIs) - ANSWER A class of antidepressants considered first-line treatment for anxiety disorders and depression. They work by blocking the reuptake of serotonin, increasing its concentration in the brain. 16. Social Anxiety Disorder - ANSWER An excessive fear of situations in which a person might do something embarrassing or be evaluated negatively by others, leading to avoidance of social or performance situations. 17. Somatic Symptom Disorder - ANSWER A syndrome of multiple somatic symptoms that cannot be explained medically and are associated with psychosocial distress and excessive worry. 18. Stressor - ANSWER A biological, psychological, social, or chemical factor that causes physical or emotional tension and may contribute to the development of certain illnesses. 19. Trauma - ANSWER An extremely distressing experience that causes severe emotional shock and may have long-lasting psychological effects. 20. Coping Strategies for Anxiety - ANSWER Teach ways to interrupt progression (e.g., relaxation techniques like deep breathing, meditation, or physical exercise). 21. Patient's Adaptive Functioning - ANSWER Patient will be able to function adaptively in the presence of the phobic object or situation without experiencing panic anxiety. 22. Crisis / Panic Safety - ANSWER Stay with the patient and offer reassurance of safety and security; Do not leave the patient alone. 23. Calm Approach in Panic - ANSWER Maintain a calm, nonthreatening, matter-of-fact approach. Use simple words and brief messages, spoken calmly and clearly. 24. Environmental Modifications for Panic - ANSWER Keep immediate surroundings low in stimuli (dim lighting, few people, low noise level). 25. Tranquilizing Medication - ANSWER Administer tranquilizing medication (e.g., alprazolam, paroxetine) as ordered. 26. Impairment in GAD - ANSWER Impairment is clinically significant in social/occupational functioning. 27. Exploration of Anxiety Causes - ANSWER After anxiety has been reduced, explore possible reasons for occurrence. 28. Teaching Anxiety Signs - ANSWER Teach signs and symptoms of escalating anxiety. 29. Flooding - ANSWER Contraindicated for clients for whom intense anxiety would be hazardous, such as individuals with heart disease or fragile psychological adaptation. 30. PTSD (Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder) - ANSWER Exposure to actual or threatened death, serious injury, or sexual violence. Symptoms present for more than 1 month. 31. Cues for PTSD - ANSWER Reexperiencing the trauma (flashbacks, nightmares, intrusive recollections); sustained high level of anxiety/arousal (hypervigilance, exaggerated startle response); numbing/avoidance of stimuli; and negative alterations in cognitions and mood. 32. Comorbidities of PTSD - ANSWER Depression, substance abuse, anger, and feelings of guilt (survivor's guilt). 33. Trauma-Informed Care (TIC) - ANSWER Realizes the widespread impact of trauma, recognizes symptoms, responds by integrating trauma knowledge, and actively resists traumatization. 34. Priority Action in TIC - ANSWER Establish a trusting relationship; use a nonthreatening, matter-of-fact approach, and keep promises. 35. Long-Term Goal for PTSD - ANSWER Patient will integrate the traumatic experience into his or her persona, renew significant relationships, and establish meaningful goals for the future. 36. SSRIs - ANSWER Considered first-line pharmacological agents for PTSD. 37. ASD (Acute Stress Disorder) - ANSWER Symptoms must be present for 9 or more criteria from five categories (intrusion, negative mood, dissociation, avoidance, arousal). 38. EMDR - ANSWER A multi-phase therapy used for trauma, which focuses on past memories, present triggers, and future skills, using rapid eye movements during desensitization. 39. OCD (Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder) - ANSWER Recurrent and persistent thoughts, impulses, or images (obsessions) leading to repetitive behaviors or mental acts (compulsions) performed to reduce distress. 40. 41. Trichotillomania - ANSWER Hair-pulling disorder. Hoarding - ANSWER Difficulty parting with possessions. 42. Habit-Reversal Therapy (HRT) - ANSWER Includes awareness training, competing response training (substituting incompatible behavior like balling up hands), and social support for Trichotillomania. 43. Long-Term Goal for OCD - ANSWER Patient demonstrates the ability to cope effectively without resorting to obsessive-compulsive behaviors. 44. Short-Term Goal for Trichotillomania - ANSWER Patient successfully substitutes a more adaptive behavior when urges to pull hair occur. 45. Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) - ANSWER Primary treatment modality for Hoarding. 46. N-acetylcysteine - ANSWER An amino acid that may be beneficial for Trichotillomania. 47. Somatic Symptom Disorder (SSD) - ANSWER Multiple unexplained physical complaints (often vague, exaggerated) with excessive time/energy spent worrying. 48. Illness Anxiety Disorder (IAD) - ANSWER Preoccupation with fear of having a serious disease, even with minimal somatic symptoms. 49. Conversion Disorder - ANSWER Loss or alteration in voluntary motor or sensory function without organic pathology (e.g., pseudo seizures, aphonia). 50. La belle indifference - ANSWER Lack of emotional concern exhibited by the patient in Conversion Disorder. 51. Long-Term Goal (SSD/IAD) - ANSWER Patient demonstrates the ability to cope with stress by means other than preoccupation with physical symptoms/fear. 52. Long-Term Goal (Conversion) - ANSWER Patient will demonstrate recovery of lost or altered function. 53. Denial of feelings - ANSWER Nontherapeutic behavior that should be acknowledged. 54. Withdrawal of positive reinforcement - ANSWER Discourages maladaptive behaviors.