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Definition: The process of collecting, storing, and
distributing information effectively within an
Information managment organization.
Example: A hospital maintains an electronic health
record (EHR) system for patient data management.
Definition: The administration of business practices to
Operation managment ensure efficiency in production and service delivery.
Example: Toyota uses lean manufacturing techniques to optimize
production.
Definition: A strategy where a company aggressively
challenges competitors through pricing, marketing, or
Competitive Aggresion product innovation.
Example: Samsung and Apple engage in competitive
aggression by frequently launching new smartphone
features.
Definition: Extra resources within an organization that
can be used for innovation or unexpected needs.
Slack Resources
Example: A company keeps extra cash reserves to fund
emergency projects.
Definition: A distribution method that involves
intermediaries such as wholesalers and retailers.
Indirect Distribution
Example: Nike sells shoes through retailers like Foot
Locker instead of directly to customers.
Definition: A distribution method where a company sells
products directly to consumers without
Direct Distribution
intermediaries.
Example: Apple sells iPhones through its official website and
, retail stores.
Definition: When an employer prevents workers from
entering the workplace during a labor dispute.
Lockout
Example: A company locks out factory workers during union
contract negotiations.
Definition: A legal order to stop an action or enforce an
Injunction obligation.
Example: A court issues an injunction to stop a company from
using false advertising.
Definition: The principle that as production increases, the cost
Laws of Economies of Scale per unit decreases.
Example: A car manufacturer reduces costs by producing vehicles
in bulk.
Definition: A currency system where exchange rates
fluctuate based on supply and demand.
Floating Exchange System
Example: The U.S. dollar value changes daily
against the Euro based on market conditions.
Definition: Government payments given without
Transfer Payments expecting goods or services in return.
Example: Social Security payments to retired individuals.
Definition: A marketing strategy where advertisements
are aired intensively over a short period.
Flight Strategy
Example: Super Bowl commercials use a flight strategy
by concentrating ads during the event.
Definition: Selling multiple products together at a
Bundling
discounted price.
Example: A fast-food restaurant offers a burger, fries,
and drink combo.
, Definition: Excessive trading by a broker to generate
commissions without benefiting the investor.
Churning
Example: A stockbroker repeatedly buys and sells the same stock
to increase fees.
Definition: An accounting system that records revenues
and expenses when they are incurred, not when cash
Accural Accounting Method is received or paid.
Example: A business records sales revenue when an
invoice is issued, even if payment is received later.
Definition: Strategies used to minimize potential losses from
market fluctuations.
Market Risk Management
Example: A company diversifies its investments to
reduce exposure to stock market crashes.
Definition: The process of choosing long-term investments for
Capital Investment Decisions business growth.
Example: A company decides to invest in a new factory to
expand production.
Definition: The potential for investment losses due to market
Market Risk fluctuations.
Example: Stock prices drop due to economic instability, affecting
investor returns.
Definition: The difference between current assets and
current liabilities, indicating financial health.
Working Capital
Example: A company with $1 million in assets and
$500,000 in liabilities has $500,000 in working capital.
Definition: Marketing activities to increase product awareness
Promotion and sales.
Example: Nike launches an ad campaign featuring
famous athletes to promote new shoes.
Definition: The process of developing, improving, and
marketing products or services.
Product/Service Managment
Example: Apple continuously updates the iPhone based on
customer feedback.