NR565 PHARMACOLOGY FINAL EXAM WITH
VERIFIED QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS||
ALREADY GRADED A+ || GUARANTEED PASS||
LATEST VERSION 2025
Bulk Forming Laxative Indication - ANSWER-temporary treatment of
constipation; widely used in patients with diverticulosis and irritable bowel
syndrome; can provide symptomatic relief of diarrhea and can reduce
discomfort and inconvenience for patients with an ileostomy or colostomy.
Bulk Forming Laxative AE - ANSWER-Esophageal Obstruction
Intestinal Obstruction
Intestinal Impaction
Surfactant Laxatives MOA - ANSWER-softens stool by lowering surface
tension thereby facilitating penetration of water and also cause secretion of
water and electrolytes into intestine; Group 3 Laxative
Advantages of Inhaled Route of Anti-Asthma Drugs - ANSWER-(1) therapeutic
effects are enhanced by delivering drugs directly to their site of action, (2)
systemic effects are minimized, and (3) relief of acute attacks is rapid.
Methylxanthines MOA - ANSWER-Bronchodilation to decrease the intensity
and frequency of moderate to severe asthma attacks and to control chronic
obstructive pulmonary disease exacerbations
Methylxanthines Prototype Drug - ANSWER-Theophylline
,Theophylline Toxicity Risk - ANSWER-can cause severe cardiac dysrhythmias
and convulsions
Methylxanthines Contraindication - ANSWER-These drugs are contraindicated
for patients with untreated seizure disorders or peptic ulcer disease
Theophylline contraindication w/ Caffeine - ANSWER-can intensify the
adverse effects of the drug on the heart and CNS; Can decrease drug
metabolism.
Theophylline contraindication w/ Smoking Tobacco or Marijuana - ANSWER-
can increase clearance to 50% in adults and 80% in older adults; Can cause an
ineffective dosing.
Drugs that Reduce Theophylline Levels (CYP3A Inducers) - ANSWER-
Phenobarbital, phenytoin, rifampin; May need to increase drug level if given in
conjunction; Increase metabolism rate of target drug;
Drugs that Increase Theophylline Levels (CYP3A Inhibitors) - ANSWER-
Cimetidine, fluoroquinolone antibiotics; May need to reduce drug level if given
in conjunction; These drugs will increase AE associated w/ target drug due to
prolonged activity and decreased metabolism of target drug.
Theophylline Lifespan Concerns - ANSWER-Elderly patients: Use with
extreme caution in elderly patients as these patients are at an increased risk of
serious toxicity.
Pediatric patients: Dose selection requires caution, and regular monitoring of
concentrations is necessary (especially if the child is younger than 1 year of
age) as the rate of clearance varies significantly in these patients.
,Pregnancy: Use cautiously only if risk outweighs benefit
Roflumilast (Daliresp) - ANSWER-phosphodiesterase-4 inhibitor (PDE)
approved for the treatment of COPD (and not asthma)
Roflumilast MOA - ANSWER-selective action that inactivates cyclic adenosine
monophosphate (cAMP) which results in decreased cytokine release and
subsequent lower levels of pulmonary infiltration by neutrophils and other white
blood cells
Roflumilast (Daliresp) Indication - ANSWER-not a first-line drug treatment and
is reserved for severe cases of COPD with a primary component of chronic
bronchitis.
Bronchodilators: Anticholinergic Drugs Prototype Drugs - ANSWER-
Ipratropium (inhaled, short acting; SAMA)
Tiotropium (inhaled, long acting; LAMA)
ipratropium/Tiotropium are anticholinergics, it is also considered a muscarinic
receptor antagonist as it relates specifically to the lungs. Blocks acetylcholine
receptors and prevents broonchospasm/bronchoconstriction.
Anticholinergic Drugs MOA - ANSWER-blocks acetylcholine, preventing
bronchial constriction and narrowing of the airways, which indirectly facilitates
bronchodilation.
improve lung function by blocking muscarinic receptors in the bronchi,
reducing bronchoconstriction.
Anticholinergic Drugs Contraindication - ANSWER-patients with acute
narrow-angle glaucoma or an enlarged prostate.
, Nicotine-Free Products Smoking Cessation Products - ANSWER-Bupropion SR
(Zyban); Varenicline (Chantix)
Bupropion SR (Zyban) MOA - ANSWER-an atypical antidepressant; blocks
uptake of norepinephrine and dopamine.
Surfactant Laxative Example - ANSWER-Docusate
Stimulant Laxatives MOA - ANSWER-(1) Stimulate peristalsis; (2) soften feces
by increasing secretion of water and electrolytes into the intestine and
decreasing water and electrolyte absorption
Stimulant Laxative Applications - ANSWER-(1) treatment of opioid-induced
constipation and (2) treatment of constipation resulting from slow intestinal
transit. Group 2 Laxative
Stimulant Laxatives - ANSWER-Most widely abused laxative
Stimulant Laxative Examples - ANSWER-Bisacodyl (Correctol, Dulcolax)
Senna (Senokot, Ex-Lax)
Osmotic Laxative MOA - ANSWER-Causes retention of water within the
intestine and softens the feces; fecal swelling promotes peristalsis; Group 1
(High Dose) or Group 2 Lower Dose)
Osmotic Laxative Indication - ANSWER-High-dose therapy is employed to
empty the bowel in preparation for diagnostic and surgical procedures as well as
purge the bowel of ingested poisons and evacuate dead parasites after
anthelmintic therapy.
VERIFIED QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS||
ALREADY GRADED A+ || GUARANTEED PASS||
LATEST VERSION 2025
Bulk Forming Laxative Indication - ANSWER-temporary treatment of
constipation; widely used in patients with diverticulosis and irritable bowel
syndrome; can provide symptomatic relief of diarrhea and can reduce
discomfort and inconvenience for patients with an ileostomy or colostomy.
Bulk Forming Laxative AE - ANSWER-Esophageal Obstruction
Intestinal Obstruction
Intestinal Impaction
Surfactant Laxatives MOA - ANSWER-softens stool by lowering surface
tension thereby facilitating penetration of water and also cause secretion of
water and electrolytes into intestine; Group 3 Laxative
Advantages of Inhaled Route of Anti-Asthma Drugs - ANSWER-(1) therapeutic
effects are enhanced by delivering drugs directly to their site of action, (2)
systemic effects are minimized, and (3) relief of acute attacks is rapid.
Methylxanthines MOA - ANSWER-Bronchodilation to decrease the intensity
and frequency of moderate to severe asthma attacks and to control chronic
obstructive pulmonary disease exacerbations
Methylxanthines Prototype Drug - ANSWER-Theophylline
,Theophylline Toxicity Risk - ANSWER-can cause severe cardiac dysrhythmias
and convulsions
Methylxanthines Contraindication - ANSWER-These drugs are contraindicated
for patients with untreated seizure disorders or peptic ulcer disease
Theophylline contraindication w/ Caffeine - ANSWER-can intensify the
adverse effects of the drug on the heart and CNS; Can decrease drug
metabolism.
Theophylline contraindication w/ Smoking Tobacco or Marijuana - ANSWER-
can increase clearance to 50% in adults and 80% in older adults; Can cause an
ineffective dosing.
Drugs that Reduce Theophylline Levels (CYP3A Inducers) - ANSWER-
Phenobarbital, phenytoin, rifampin; May need to increase drug level if given in
conjunction; Increase metabolism rate of target drug;
Drugs that Increase Theophylline Levels (CYP3A Inhibitors) - ANSWER-
Cimetidine, fluoroquinolone antibiotics; May need to reduce drug level if given
in conjunction; These drugs will increase AE associated w/ target drug due to
prolonged activity and decreased metabolism of target drug.
Theophylline Lifespan Concerns - ANSWER-Elderly patients: Use with
extreme caution in elderly patients as these patients are at an increased risk of
serious toxicity.
Pediatric patients: Dose selection requires caution, and regular monitoring of
concentrations is necessary (especially if the child is younger than 1 year of
age) as the rate of clearance varies significantly in these patients.
,Pregnancy: Use cautiously only if risk outweighs benefit
Roflumilast (Daliresp) - ANSWER-phosphodiesterase-4 inhibitor (PDE)
approved for the treatment of COPD (and not asthma)
Roflumilast MOA - ANSWER-selective action that inactivates cyclic adenosine
monophosphate (cAMP) which results in decreased cytokine release and
subsequent lower levels of pulmonary infiltration by neutrophils and other white
blood cells
Roflumilast (Daliresp) Indication - ANSWER-not a first-line drug treatment and
is reserved for severe cases of COPD with a primary component of chronic
bronchitis.
Bronchodilators: Anticholinergic Drugs Prototype Drugs - ANSWER-
Ipratropium (inhaled, short acting; SAMA)
Tiotropium (inhaled, long acting; LAMA)
ipratropium/Tiotropium are anticholinergics, it is also considered a muscarinic
receptor antagonist as it relates specifically to the lungs. Blocks acetylcholine
receptors and prevents broonchospasm/bronchoconstriction.
Anticholinergic Drugs MOA - ANSWER-blocks acetylcholine, preventing
bronchial constriction and narrowing of the airways, which indirectly facilitates
bronchodilation.
improve lung function by blocking muscarinic receptors in the bronchi,
reducing bronchoconstriction.
Anticholinergic Drugs Contraindication - ANSWER-patients with acute
narrow-angle glaucoma or an enlarged prostate.
, Nicotine-Free Products Smoking Cessation Products - ANSWER-Bupropion SR
(Zyban); Varenicline (Chantix)
Bupropion SR (Zyban) MOA - ANSWER-an atypical antidepressant; blocks
uptake of norepinephrine and dopamine.
Surfactant Laxative Example - ANSWER-Docusate
Stimulant Laxatives MOA - ANSWER-(1) Stimulate peristalsis; (2) soften feces
by increasing secretion of water and electrolytes into the intestine and
decreasing water and electrolyte absorption
Stimulant Laxative Applications - ANSWER-(1) treatment of opioid-induced
constipation and (2) treatment of constipation resulting from slow intestinal
transit. Group 2 Laxative
Stimulant Laxatives - ANSWER-Most widely abused laxative
Stimulant Laxative Examples - ANSWER-Bisacodyl (Correctol, Dulcolax)
Senna (Senokot, Ex-Lax)
Osmotic Laxative MOA - ANSWER-Causes retention of water within the
intestine and softens the feces; fecal swelling promotes peristalsis; Group 1
(High Dose) or Group 2 Lower Dose)
Osmotic Laxative Indication - ANSWER-High-dose therapy is employed to
empty the bowel in preparation for diagnostic and surgical procedures as well as
purge the bowel of ingested poisons and evacuate dead parasites after
anthelmintic therapy.
