HUMAN ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY 12TH
GLOBAL EDITION TEST BANK 2026 COMPLETE
EXAM QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
GUARANTEED TO PASS
◉ Endocrine glands are. Answer: 1. "ductless glands"
2. many are made of *glandular epithelium* whose cells
manufacture and secrete hormones
3. a few endocrine glands are made of *neurosecretory* tissue
◉ how the endocrinal glands are distributed in the body?. Answer:
Glands of the endocrine system are widely scattered throughout the
body
◉ In the endocrine system, secreting cells send hormone molecules
by. Answer: the blood to specific target cells contained in target
tissues or target organs
◉ Hormones:. Answer: 1. carried to almost every point in the body
2. can regulate most cells
3. effects work more slowly and last longer than those of
neurotransmitters
,◉ The classical endocrine hormones. Answer: have a "global" effect
in the body since they can travel throughout the blood stream
◉ Classification by chemical structure. Answer: 1. Steroid hormones
2. Nonsteroid hormones
◉ Steroid hormones
Examples: cortisol, aldosterone, estrogen, progesterone,
testosterone. Answer: 1. Synthesized from cholesterol (Figure 16-5)
2. Lipid soluble; easily pass through the phospholipid plasma
membrane of target cell
◉ Nonsteroid hormones. Answer: 1. Synthesized primarily from
amino acids
2. *Protein hormones*: long, folded chains of amino acids (e.g.,
insulin, parathyroid hormone)
3. *Peptide hormones*: smaller than protein hormones; short chain
of amino acids (e.g., oxytocin, antidiuretic hormone)
4. *Amino acid derivative hormones*: each derived from a single
amino acid molecule
◉ Target Cell Concept: Lock and Key Model. Answer:
, ◉ Mechanism of steroid hormone action. Answer: 1. Steroid
hormones are lipid soluble; their receptors are normally found in
the target cell's cytosol
2. After a steroid hormone molecule has diffused into the target cell,
it binds to a receptor molecule to form a hormone-receptor complex
3. Activates a certain gene sequence to begin transcription of mRNA
4. Newly formed mRNA molecules move into the cytosol, associate
with ribosomes, and begin synthesizing protein molecules that
produce the effects of the hormone
◉ Mechanism of steroid hormone action diagram. Answer:
◉ Mechanisms of nonsteroid hormone action. Answer: 1. The
second messenger mechanism: also known as the fixed membrane
receptor model
2. A nonsteroid hormone molecule acts as a "first messenger" and
delivers its chemical message to fixed receptors in the target cell's
plasma membrane
3. The "message" is then passed by way of a protein into the cell
where a "second messenger" triggers the appropriate cellular
changes
◉ The second messenger mechanism diagram. Answer:
GLOBAL EDITION TEST BANK 2026 COMPLETE
EXAM QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
GUARANTEED TO PASS
◉ Endocrine glands are. Answer: 1. "ductless glands"
2. many are made of *glandular epithelium* whose cells
manufacture and secrete hormones
3. a few endocrine glands are made of *neurosecretory* tissue
◉ how the endocrinal glands are distributed in the body?. Answer:
Glands of the endocrine system are widely scattered throughout the
body
◉ In the endocrine system, secreting cells send hormone molecules
by. Answer: the blood to specific target cells contained in target
tissues or target organs
◉ Hormones:. Answer: 1. carried to almost every point in the body
2. can regulate most cells
3. effects work more slowly and last longer than those of
neurotransmitters
,◉ The classical endocrine hormones. Answer: have a "global" effect
in the body since they can travel throughout the blood stream
◉ Classification by chemical structure. Answer: 1. Steroid hormones
2. Nonsteroid hormones
◉ Steroid hormones
Examples: cortisol, aldosterone, estrogen, progesterone,
testosterone. Answer: 1. Synthesized from cholesterol (Figure 16-5)
2. Lipid soluble; easily pass through the phospholipid plasma
membrane of target cell
◉ Nonsteroid hormones. Answer: 1. Synthesized primarily from
amino acids
2. *Protein hormones*: long, folded chains of amino acids (e.g.,
insulin, parathyroid hormone)
3. *Peptide hormones*: smaller than protein hormones; short chain
of amino acids (e.g., oxytocin, antidiuretic hormone)
4. *Amino acid derivative hormones*: each derived from a single
amino acid molecule
◉ Target Cell Concept: Lock and Key Model. Answer:
, ◉ Mechanism of steroid hormone action. Answer: 1. Steroid
hormones are lipid soluble; their receptors are normally found in
the target cell's cytosol
2. After a steroid hormone molecule has diffused into the target cell,
it binds to a receptor molecule to form a hormone-receptor complex
3. Activates a certain gene sequence to begin transcription of mRNA
4. Newly formed mRNA molecules move into the cytosol, associate
with ribosomes, and begin synthesizing protein molecules that
produce the effects of the hormone
◉ Mechanism of steroid hormone action diagram. Answer:
◉ Mechanisms of nonsteroid hormone action. Answer: 1. The
second messenger mechanism: also known as the fixed membrane
receptor model
2. A nonsteroid hormone molecule acts as a "first messenger" and
delivers its chemical message to fixed receptors in the target cell's
plasma membrane
3. The "message" is then passed by way of a protein into the cell
where a "second messenger" triggers the appropriate cellular
changes
◉ The second messenger mechanism diagram. Answer:
