NURS 2410 EXAM 2 | 282 QUESTIONS | WITH
COMPLETE SOLUTIONS.
what are the chemical messengers of the endocrine system? Answer -
hormones
when tumors produce high hormone levels, what happens? what condition
also produces increased hormones? Answer - when tumor hormone levels are
high, excretion by liver or kidney is impaired
congenital conditions also produce high levels
what must hormones have to work properly? Answer - they must have target
cells and these target cells must have specific receptors (e.g. thyroid hormones
have thyroid receptors)
the endocrine system has a ______ feedback system Answer - negative
various etiologies causing excess hormone levels: Answer - -tumors produces
high levels (e.g. paraneoplastic syndrome)
-excretion by liver or kidney is impaired
-congenital condition produces excess hormone (e.g. hyperplasia)
various etiologies causing deficit of hormones or reduced effects: Answer - -
tumor produces too little hormone (could be the result of destructive tumors)
,-inadequate tissue receptors present (DM 2)
-antagonistic hormone production is increased (insulin & glucagon)
-malnutrition (protein/cholesterol)
-atrophy, surgical removal of gland
-congenital deficit
what are some blood tests to check for hormonal disorders? Answer - checking
serum hormone levels via radioimmunoassay & immunochemical methods
diagnostic tests to check for endocrine disorders? Answer - 1. blood tests
2. urine tests - can test for glucose, ketones, catecholamines
3. stimulation or suppression tests
4. scanning, US, MRI
5. biopsy
what can increased levels of glucose and ketones indicate? Answer - diabetes
mellitus
types of hyperthyroidism Answer - grave's disease
types of hypothyroidism Answer - hashimoto's disease (AKA hashimoto's
thyroiditis)
myxedema (severe in adults)
cretinism (severe in children)
,what makes up T3 and T4? Answer - tyrosine and iodine
what are the functions of T3 and T4? Answer - increases BMR
regulates growth
stimulates SNS
describe the various etiologies of hashimoto's thyroiditis Answer - can be
caused by:
1. autoimmune disorders - autoantibodies are made against the thyroid gland
2. deficiency of iodine
describe the pathogenesis of hashimoto's thyroiditis Answer - 1.
autoantibodies made against thyroid gland causes inflammation which leads to
destruction of thyroid gland
2. this causes a reduction of thyroid hormone synthesis
3. the reduction causes less T3 and T4 being produced
4. HPA causes more TSH to be released
5. this extra TSH results in goiter
, enlargement of thyroid Answer - goiter
clinical manifestations of hypothyroidism and:
serum levels of T3 and T4 Answer - low
clinical manifestations of hypothyroidism and:
metabolic rate Answer - low
clinical manifestations of hypothyroidism and:
goiter Answer - present with endemic goiter
clinical manifestations of hypothyroidism and:
temperature tolerance Answer - cold intolerance
clinical manifestations of hypothyroidism and:
skin Answer - pale, cool, with edema
clinical manifestations of hypothyroidism and:
eyes Answer - no changes
COMPLETE SOLUTIONS.
what are the chemical messengers of the endocrine system? Answer -
hormones
when tumors produce high hormone levels, what happens? what condition
also produces increased hormones? Answer - when tumor hormone levels are
high, excretion by liver or kidney is impaired
congenital conditions also produce high levels
what must hormones have to work properly? Answer - they must have target
cells and these target cells must have specific receptors (e.g. thyroid hormones
have thyroid receptors)
the endocrine system has a ______ feedback system Answer - negative
various etiologies causing excess hormone levels: Answer - -tumors produces
high levels (e.g. paraneoplastic syndrome)
-excretion by liver or kidney is impaired
-congenital condition produces excess hormone (e.g. hyperplasia)
various etiologies causing deficit of hormones or reduced effects: Answer - -
tumor produces too little hormone (could be the result of destructive tumors)
,-inadequate tissue receptors present (DM 2)
-antagonistic hormone production is increased (insulin & glucagon)
-malnutrition (protein/cholesterol)
-atrophy, surgical removal of gland
-congenital deficit
what are some blood tests to check for hormonal disorders? Answer - checking
serum hormone levels via radioimmunoassay & immunochemical methods
diagnostic tests to check for endocrine disorders? Answer - 1. blood tests
2. urine tests - can test for glucose, ketones, catecholamines
3. stimulation or suppression tests
4. scanning, US, MRI
5. biopsy
what can increased levels of glucose and ketones indicate? Answer - diabetes
mellitus
types of hyperthyroidism Answer - grave's disease
types of hypothyroidism Answer - hashimoto's disease (AKA hashimoto's
thyroiditis)
myxedema (severe in adults)
cretinism (severe in children)
,what makes up T3 and T4? Answer - tyrosine and iodine
what are the functions of T3 and T4? Answer - increases BMR
regulates growth
stimulates SNS
describe the various etiologies of hashimoto's thyroiditis Answer - can be
caused by:
1. autoimmune disorders - autoantibodies are made against the thyroid gland
2. deficiency of iodine
describe the pathogenesis of hashimoto's thyroiditis Answer - 1.
autoantibodies made against thyroid gland causes inflammation which leads to
destruction of thyroid gland
2. this causes a reduction of thyroid hormone synthesis
3. the reduction causes less T3 and T4 being produced
4. HPA causes more TSH to be released
5. this extra TSH results in goiter
, enlargement of thyroid Answer - goiter
clinical manifestations of hypothyroidism and:
serum levels of T3 and T4 Answer - low
clinical manifestations of hypothyroidism and:
metabolic rate Answer - low
clinical manifestations of hypothyroidism and:
goiter Answer - present with endemic goiter
clinical manifestations of hypothyroidism and:
temperature tolerance Answer - cold intolerance
clinical manifestations of hypothyroidism and:
skin Answer - pale, cool, with edema
clinical manifestations of hypothyroidism and:
eyes Answer - no changes
