Humanized Notes on Carbon and Its Compounds –
Class 10
Introduction:
Carbon is a unique and versatile element found in almost everything around us – from the
food we eat to the clothes we wear. It forms the backbone of all living organisms. Its ability
to form long chains and rings makes it extremely special.
Covalent Bonding in Carbon:
Carbon has 4 valence electrons. To achieve stability, it shares its electrons with other
atoms forming covalent bonds. Covalent bonds involve sharing of electrons, unlike ionic
bonds that involve transfer of electrons.
Example: Methane (CH■) – Carbon shares one electron each with four hydrogen atoms.
Versatile Nature of Carbon:
Carbon can form:
1 Long chains (e.g., propane, butane)
2 Rings (e.g., cyclohexane)
3 Single, double, and triple bonds (e.g., ethane, ethene, ethyne)
Hydrocarbons:
Hydrocarbons are compounds made up of carbon and hydrogen only. They can be
classified as:
1 Alkanes: Single bonds (C–C). Example: Methane (CH■).
2 Alkenes: One double bond (C=C). Example: Ethene (C■H■).
3 Alkynes: One triple bond (C≡C). Example: Ethyne (C■H■).
Functional Groups:
Functional groups are atoms or groups of atoms that give special properties to
compounds. Examples include:
1 –OH (Alcohol group)
2 –COOH (Carboxylic acid group)
3 –CHO (Aldehyde group)
Class 10
Introduction:
Carbon is a unique and versatile element found in almost everything around us – from the
food we eat to the clothes we wear. It forms the backbone of all living organisms. Its ability
to form long chains and rings makes it extremely special.
Covalent Bonding in Carbon:
Carbon has 4 valence electrons. To achieve stability, it shares its electrons with other
atoms forming covalent bonds. Covalent bonds involve sharing of electrons, unlike ionic
bonds that involve transfer of electrons.
Example: Methane (CH■) – Carbon shares one electron each with four hydrogen atoms.
Versatile Nature of Carbon:
Carbon can form:
1 Long chains (e.g., propane, butane)
2 Rings (e.g., cyclohexane)
3 Single, double, and triple bonds (e.g., ethane, ethene, ethyne)
Hydrocarbons:
Hydrocarbons are compounds made up of carbon and hydrogen only. They can be
classified as:
1 Alkanes: Single bonds (C–C). Example: Methane (CH■).
2 Alkenes: One double bond (C=C). Example: Ethene (C■H■).
3 Alkynes: One triple bond (C≡C). Example: Ethyne (C■H■).
Functional Groups:
Functional groups are atoms or groups of atoms that give special properties to
compounds. Examples include:
1 –OH (Alcohol group)
2 –COOH (Carboxylic acid group)
3 –CHO (Aldehyde group)
