Pathophysiology Exam 2 Rasmussen |\ |\ |\ |\
University Winter 2025 – well answered |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\
questions
Gastritis
an inflammation of the stomachs mucosal lining. It can involve
|\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\
the entire stomach or a region.
|\ |\ |\ |\ |\
Manifestations: Include indigestion, heartburn, epigastric pain,
|\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\
abdominal cramping, nausea, vomiting, anorexia, fever, and
|\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\
malaise. |\
Hematemesis and dark, tarry stools can indicate ulceration and
|\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\
bleeding.
Causes: excessive alcohol use, chronic vomiting, stress, or
|\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\
certain medications such as aspirin or anti- inflammatory drugs.
|\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\
Can also be caused by H. pylori- bacteria that lives in lining of
|\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\
stomach, bile reflux, or infections. |\ |\ |\ |\
Acute gastritis |\
,Can be a mild, transient irritation, or it can be a severe ulceration
|\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\
with hemorrhage
|\ |\
Usually develops suddenly and is likely to be accompanied by
|\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\
nausea and epigastric pain |\ |\ |\
Chronic gastritis |\
Develops gradually. May be asymptomatic, but usually
|\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\
accompanied by a dull epigastric pain and a sensation of fullness
|\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\
after minimal intake.
|\ |\ |\
Can be further categorized as erosive or nonerosive.
|\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\
Complications: peptic ulcers, gastric cancer, and hemorrhage |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\
gastritis Treatment |\
Acute is often self-limiting and resolves within 3 days. Treatment
|\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\
strategies for acute vary depending on the underlying etiology
|\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\
(e.g., antibiotics).
|\
Treatment strategies for chronic include etiology-specific
|\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\
interventions, antacids, acid-reducing agents, and mucosal|\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\
barrier agents. |\
,Gastroenteritis
Inflammation of the stomach and intestines, usually because of |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\
an infection or allergic reaction
|\ |\ |\ |\
GERD
gastroesophageal reflux disease- where chyme periodically backs |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\
up from the stomach into the esophagus.
|\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\
Causes: are certain foods like chocolate, caffeine, carbonated
|\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\
bevs, citrus fruit, tomatoes, spicy or fatty foods, peppermint,
|\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\
alcohol, nicotine, obesity, pregnancy, and certain medications.
|\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\
Complications: overtime the reflux of stomach acid damages the |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\
tissue lining of the esophagus and can lead to permanent
|\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\
damage of it and even cancer. |\ |\ |\ |\ |\
PUD, Peptic ulcer disease
|\ |\ |\
lesions affecting the lining of the stomach or duodenum.
|\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\
Vary in severity from superficial erosions to complete penetration
|\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\
through the GI tract wall Develops because of an imbalance
|\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\
between destructive forces and protective mechanisms
|\ |\ |\ |\ |\
, Manifestations: epigastric or abdominal pain, abdominal
|\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\
cramping, heartburn, indigestion, nausea, and vomiting
|\ |\ |\ |\ |\
Duodenal ulcers |\
• Most commonly associated with excessive acid or H. pylori
|\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\
infections
• Typically present with epigastric pain that is relieved in the
|\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\
presence of food |\ |\
Gastric ulcers |\
• Less frequent but more deadly.
|\ |\ |\ |\ |\
• Typically associated with malignancy and nonsteroidal anti-
|\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\
inflammatory drugs. |\
• Pain typically worsens with eating.
|\ |\ |\ |\ |\
Stress ulcers |\
• Develop because of a major physiological stressor on the body
|\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\
due to local tissue ischemia, tissue acidosis, bile salts entering
|\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\
the stomach, and decreased GI motility.
|\ |\ |\ |\ |\
University Winter 2025 – well answered |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\
questions
Gastritis
an inflammation of the stomachs mucosal lining. It can involve
|\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\
the entire stomach or a region.
|\ |\ |\ |\ |\
Manifestations: Include indigestion, heartburn, epigastric pain,
|\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\
abdominal cramping, nausea, vomiting, anorexia, fever, and
|\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\
malaise. |\
Hematemesis and dark, tarry stools can indicate ulceration and
|\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\
bleeding.
Causes: excessive alcohol use, chronic vomiting, stress, or
|\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\
certain medications such as aspirin or anti- inflammatory drugs.
|\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\
Can also be caused by H. pylori- bacteria that lives in lining of
|\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\
stomach, bile reflux, or infections. |\ |\ |\ |\
Acute gastritis |\
,Can be a mild, transient irritation, or it can be a severe ulceration
|\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\
with hemorrhage
|\ |\
Usually develops suddenly and is likely to be accompanied by
|\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\
nausea and epigastric pain |\ |\ |\
Chronic gastritis |\
Develops gradually. May be asymptomatic, but usually
|\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\
accompanied by a dull epigastric pain and a sensation of fullness
|\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\
after minimal intake.
|\ |\ |\
Can be further categorized as erosive or nonerosive.
|\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\
Complications: peptic ulcers, gastric cancer, and hemorrhage |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\
gastritis Treatment |\
Acute is often self-limiting and resolves within 3 days. Treatment
|\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\
strategies for acute vary depending on the underlying etiology
|\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\
(e.g., antibiotics).
|\
Treatment strategies for chronic include etiology-specific
|\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\
interventions, antacids, acid-reducing agents, and mucosal|\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\
barrier agents. |\
,Gastroenteritis
Inflammation of the stomach and intestines, usually because of |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\
an infection or allergic reaction
|\ |\ |\ |\
GERD
gastroesophageal reflux disease- where chyme periodically backs |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\
up from the stomach into the esophagus.
|\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\
Causes: are certain foods like chocolate, caffeine, carbonated
|\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\
bevs, citrus fruit, tomatoes, spicy or fatty foods, peppermint,
|\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\
alcohol, nicotine, obesity, pregnancy, and certain medications.
|\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\
Complications: overtime the reflux of stomach acid damages the |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\
tissue lining of the esophagus and can lead to permanent
|\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\
damage of it and even cancer. |\ |\ |\ |\ |\
PUD, Peptic ulcer disease
|\ |\ |\
lesions affecting the lining of the stomach or duodenum.
|\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\
Vary in severity from superficial erosions to complete penetration
|\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\
through the GI tract wall Develops because of an imbalance
|\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\
between destructive forces and protective mechanisms
|\ |\ |\ |\ |\
, Manifestations: epigastric or abdominal pain, abdominal
|\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\
cramping, heartburn, indigestion, nausea, and vomiting
|\ |\ |\ |\ |\
Duodenal ulcers |\
• Most commonly associated with excessive acid or H. pylori
|\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\
infections
• Typically present with epigastric pain that is relieved in the
|\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\
presence of food |\ |\
Gastric ulcers |\
• Less frequent but more deadly.
|\ |\ |\ |\ |\
• Typically associated with malignancy and nonsteroidal anti-
|\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\
inflammatory drugs. |\
• Pain typically worsens with eating.
|\ |\ |\ |\ |\
Stress ulcers |\
• Develop because of a major physiological stressor on the body
|\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\
due to local tissue ischemia, tissue acidosis, bile salts entering
|\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\
the stomach, and decreased GI motility.
|\ |\ |\ |\ |\
